传承和共享:文化遗产保护的双重伦理向度

遗产本质上具有伦理性,在历史主义保护传统中隐含着以传承为中心的伦理向度;同时,当代遗产保护运动中"人类遗产"理念和传承共同责任,又提升了遗产的公共性,揭示出了遗产保护中的当代共享向度。在历史主义保护占据主导地位的情况下,当代人在遗产面前的主体共享诉求相对不足,近些年国际国内对这种现象有较多的批评和反思。在需要满足当代人共享愿望又不能废弃传承伦理向度的情况下,创新保护理念和方式,在利用中实现"文化再生产"也许是文化遗产保护的有效途径。     

蜀道文化遗产保护纪实

这是一段已尘封的历史,一处甚至被遗忘的文物故址,一个文物保护功德碑、警世牌与文物破坏耻辱柱并存的地方：而这儿最应该成为的,是一方开展和进行爱护文物现场教育的遗址公园。     

寻找不可移动文化遗产保护规划的法律地位

由于保护规划是不可移动文化遗产保护中关键性的技术文件,因此寻找它的法律地位至关重要。理想途径是建立对保护规划给予足够关注的文物保护法律体系。规划管理领域控制性详细规划法律地位的实现对此也有帮助。在现有的情况下,设法将保护规划中关键性的部分深入到总体规划阶段;对保护规划自身进行调整使其适合作为法律文件;以及重点项目单独立法等,都是使保护规划获得法律地位可以采用的途径。     

旅游开发视野下新疆文化遗产的弘扬与保护

新疆作为古代丝绸之路上的璀璨明珠,保存了众多具有历史、文化、艺术价值的文化遗产。文章从文化遗产的市场吸引力和坚固性的角度出发,探讨新疆文化遗产保护与旅游开发的遗产活化问题,并以最具开发潜力的宗教类文化遗产为例,尝试提出弘扬与保护文化遗产的思路,以更好地利用文化遗产优势,使其在西部经济发展中发挥应有的作用。     

Complications and Effectiveness of In Situ Preservation Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites

Abstract

Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) as an outstanding division of the cultural heritage of humanity appears to be crucial and complicated when more general issues regarding preservation and conservation are raised. The essence of in situ preservation should be equally discussable for any kind of archaeological remains; on land or underwater.

There is a long history of different methods and concepts of intervention in a variety of sub-aquatic archaeological sites; from shipwrecks to submerged settlements. This paper will present an introduction to different techniques and theories of preservation and conservation of underwater cultural and archaeological sites since this kind of heritage has scientifically been explored and studied. A range of different preservation methodologies, from total or partial transference inland, to preservation underwater, will be compared; the advantages and disadvantages of each option will be highlighted. Different examples of international best practices will be illustrated. Different types of in situ conservation/protection will be explained and categorized. Furthermore, there will be a focus on the UNESCO Convention of 2001 on Conservation and Preservation of UCH, where the in situ conservation option has been recommended.

Moreover, the technical issue for preservation of UCH sites, either in situ or after displacement, will be explained. The implication of relocation for different sorts of sites and materials will be argued; for example, cases where some sites, such as shipwrecks, would more easily be displaced compared with submerged settlements, villages, or ports.

Finally, by stressing that the state of ‘being underwater’ makes many sites qualified to be regarded as UCH, the in situ preservation approach will prevail that this state is maintained.     

文化遗产 文化自觉 文化建设——追寻中国文化遗产事业的发展历程

文物古迹是过去文化的载体,文化既是不同人们共同体在特定时空中适应环境与社会的结晶,也是人类曾经的生存可能性的记录,因此,文化遗产是发展的智慧资源而非包袱。改革开放以来我们对文物与文化遗产及其价值的认识有一个不断拓展和提高的过程,经历了由古玩、文物到全民性的文化遗产自觉的演变。正确认识和处理不同文化及历史文化遗产,既是作为文明古国的中国发展过程中无法避开的选择,也是全球化、信息化时代古今中外文化大会面时代人类和谐共处、共同繁荣的前提性要求。     

Linking Heritage Preservation and Community Development: An Assessment of Grassroots Heritage Based Projects as Vehicles for Socio-Economic Development and Sustainable Heritage Preservation in Zimbabwe

This paper engages the practical aspects of linking heritage, in particular, archaeological heritage, with both individual and community economic development. In recent years, there has been growing realisation that culture, inclusive of cultural heritage, can be both a driver and an enabler of economic development, especially in developing countries. However, few documented examples demonstrate the validity of such arguments. The paper explores some practical examples of how, at the grassroots level, individuals and communities are attempting to exploit archaeological heritage sites as well as other cultural and natural heritage resources for income generation in Zimbabwe. The major thrust of the paper is to assess the manner of use and the viability of such ventures. Since the ability of archaeological heritage to generate revenue and support people around the sites has a direct effect on long-term survival of such heritage, ultimately, the paper contributes to the discourse on linking heritage and economic development as well as the theme of sustainable heritage preservation.     

Kosovo: Cultural Heritage in Conflict

Abstract

The secession of territory represents a unique challenge in the protection of cultural heritage in conflict. The declared independence of Kosovo has considerable implications for international cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the deliberate destruction of examples of historic architecture such as De?ani Monastery and Hadum Mosque as a means of contextualizing the nature of heritage in conflict with respect to international cultural heritage law. It offers a preliminary examination of aspects of cultural heritage in conflict, particularly in regard to the secession of territory and how it applies to historic monuments. The aim of this paper is two-fold: to address the considerations of immovable cultural property within the borders of Kosovo; and to utilize the examples of Visoki De?ani Monastery and Hadum Mosque to highlight the significance of cultural property in conflict.     

历史、文化遗产及其背后的系统——以世界文化遗产保护为中心

作为以有形文化遗产为主的历史、文化遗产,其背后都存在着不易被发觉的社会经济体系、以及传统礼仪与习惯等无形文化遗产。以世界文化遗产保护为例,以社会经济体系为切入点,文化遗产保护工作者既可以对历史、文化遗产的"真实性""完整性"与"文化景观"等概念作出阐释,又可探讨人们对历史、文化遗产的认知及思考方法。     

Maritime History in Mozambique and East Africa: The Urgent Need for the Proper Study and Preservation of Endangered Underwater Cultural Heritage

The East African coast is a rich domain for underwater cultural heritage, whose archaeological remains are only beginning to reveal the extent of indigenous nautical technology, regional and international social contacts, and far-reaching maritime trade routes sailed for millennia. The diversity of remains found under water range from cultures up and down the East African coastline to further afield: from China, points surrounding the Indian Ocean, to the Persian Gulf, Middle East and Europe. In Mozambique, important steps to investigate and preserve this heritage have been taken over the last 20?years by several groups of local scholars in collaboration with international research institutions. However, this heritage, especially that which lies along the northern Mozambique coast, has also been subjected to extensive and serious disturbance by commercially-oriented salvage programs. These salvage activities have not only had a very negative impact on the state of the cultural resources themselves, but have also prevented the access of legitimate scholars to these resources??particularly grave is the intervention at Mozambique Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Among the meritorious efforts to mitigate this situation, in Mozambique and world-wide, the 2001 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is an outstanding initiative and needs to be ratified by Mozambique and other East African states.     

科学建构非物质文化遗产理论体系——非物质文化遗产相关概念和若干专业问题的再思考

民众对非物质文化遗产的认识越来越深入,但是概念及若干专业问题还有待厘清。非物质文化遗产没有"缓冲区",不具"唯一性"而具"游移性",非物质文化遗产中"文化空间"与作为非物质文化遗产组成部分的"一般场所"是不相同的概念,遗产的评定不受"生源地"所限。保护"非物质文化遗产"的规范性文件中使用"代表性"或"代表作"有其立法用意,非物质文化遗产法与知识产权法保护的客体(对象)既有相同点也存在区别,而"非物质文化遗产"与"非物质文化遗产产品"也是完全不一样的概念。     

Environment and Cultural Heritage in China: Introduction

The transformation of the natural and built environment over the past three decades has left China with a legacy of environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. The loss of cultural heritage, including cultural forms associated with the natural ecology, has been just as dramatic. The three studies in this special focus section of Asian Studies Review explore significant issues in environmental conservation, cultural heritage, and grassroots activism in urban and rural China, with an emphasis on the relationship between the natural environment, the transmission of traditional cultural forms, and localised forms of agency or activism. As discussed here, while China's discourse on these issues is strongly influenced by global norms, different regions of China are developing their own individual responses to environmental conservation, the protection of biodiversity, and the ongoing transmission of endangered cultural forms.     

旅游发展与非物质文化遗产的保护和传承——以莲花山“花儿”为例

“花儿”艺术源远流长,是劳动人民的智慧与情感的结晶。“花儿会”反映了所传唱地区的文化、历史,也是当地的特色民俗之一,不仅具有很高文学、音乐、历史、文化价值,也有很高的社会价值以及作为地方特色的旅游资源的开发价值。但是随着社会经济的发展和乡村城镇化进程的加快,这种古老的艺术正面临着严重的危机,其内涵和外延都在严重萎缩。本文通过对“花儿”在当地居民中传承现状、保护措施、发展趋势等方面的实践调研,结合旅游业可持续发展相关理论,对旅游业发展与音乐类非物质文化遗产保护传承之关系作出了分析和探讨;并提出以实景舞台剧、艺术博物馆等旅游开发模式来加强对这一非物质文化遗产的保护与传承。     

物质文化遗产的非物质性与非物质文化遗产的物质性认同

文化遗产是人类创造的文明结晶,物质文化遗产包含着精神内涵,非物质文化遗产必然依托于物质载体。文化遗产兼具物质性和非物质性两种因素:物质文化遗产与非物质文化遗产相互依存、互相作用。认清两种文化遗产之间的区别和联系,对于文化遗产的保护具有理论指导作用。     

我国文化遗产保护科技成果转化对策研究——基于文化遗产保护科技成果供求分析

进入"十二五"后,文物保护领域面临着新的发展形势。其中,科学和技术成果转化问题受到了高度关注,成为当前文化遗产保护领域的一大热点问题。目前,由于我国文化遗产保护科技成果转化的特殊性和相关领域科技事业发展的阶段性,文化遗产保护科技供给与需求脱节,科技成果转化率不高。针对这种状况,国家应建立激励评价体制,促进文博系统内外的合作,保证科技成果的有效供给和有效需求。     

文化治理视域中的非物质文化遗产保护研究

非物质文化遗产是国家文化软实力的一项重要指标,保护非物质文化遗产对于建构基于传统文化多样性基础之上的文化共同体有着重要意义。非物质文化遗产保护的现有模式多建基于文化"管理"或文化"经济"的认识之上,因此,从文化治理的观点出发,非物质文化遗产保护还面临着诸多问题,如保护主体单一、公众参与不足、忽视"文化纽带"等。非物质文化遗产保护应力推"公益性保护",才能充分挖掘其公益价值、丰富其文化内涵,为非物质文化遗产传承注入新的活力。     

Heritage in Movement: Rethinking Cultural Borrowings in the Mediterranean

This article investigates heritage in terms of different intertwined temporalities and polyphonic pasts in the Mediterranean. It posits that postcolonial theory has fallen short of perceiving the effects that movements of exchange, circularity and choice have had on Mediterranean societies in colonial times. Further, it explicates that the exploration of these avenues in matters of heritage and material culture would open the path for alternative understandings of the articulations of cultural encounters. Using a biographical approach I concentrate on an historical hotel, the Gezira Palace Hotel in Cairo, and explore the ways in which processes of change occur in intermediary spaces of cultural encounters, exchange and circularity that generate novel cultural expressions.