1908:黄祸论的一年

距今一世纪的1908年有哪些事值得举行百年祭?是慈禧太后与光绪皇帝的相继驾崩,青年土耳其党人发动政变,美国联邦调查局前身出现,还是母亲节的首度庆祝?但这些都是历史编年条陈,本文则试图在三个原本互不与闻的事件间建立某种联系。就在1908年,中、德、英三国各自出版了一部科幻小说,预测未来世界是一个黄白对决之局。中国是碧荷馆主人在上海出版的《新纪元》,德国人写的那部曰《万岁!》(Banzai!),英国则是大文豪威尔斯的《空中战争》(War In The Air)。     

The Magnus-Rademaker Scientific Film Collection: Ethical Issues on Animal Experimentation (1908–1940)

The Magnus-Rademaker scientific film collection (1908–1940) deals with the physiology of body posture by the equilibrium of reflex musculature contractions for which experimental studies were carried out with animals (e.g., labyrinthectomies, cerebellectomies, and brain stem sections) as well as observations done on patients. The films were made for demonstrations at congresses as well as educational objectives and film stills were published in their books. The purpose of the present study is to position these films and their makers within the contemporary discourse on ethical issues and animal rights in the Netherlands and the earlier international debates. Following an introduction on animal rights and antivivisection movements, we describe what Magnus and Rademaker thought about these issues. Their publications did not provide much information in this respect, probably reflecting their adherence to implicit ethical codes that did not need explicit mentioning in publications. Newspaper articles, however, revealed interesting information. Unnecessary suffering of an animal never found mercy in Magnus’ opinion. The use of cinematography was expanded to the reduction of animal experimentation in student education, at least in the case of Rademaker, who in the 1930s was involved in a governmental committee for the regulation of vivisection and cooperated with the antivivisection movement. This resulted not only in a propaganda film for the movement but also in films that demonstrate physiological experiments for students with the purpose to avert repetition and to improve the teaching of experiments. We were able to identify the pertinent films in the Magnus-Rademaker film collection. The production of vivisection films with this purpose appears to have been common, as is shown in news messages in European medical journals of the period.     

Russia,Turkey, and the Problem of the Black Sea Straits in 1898–1908

The article deals with the main geopolitical problem in Russian—Ottoman relations at the turn of the twentieth century. Using ample archive sources the author shows the course of Russia’s struggle for influence in the straits. He concludes that the Ottoman policy was more flexible and the Turks proved able to assert their interests in the region. At the same time the straits question did not become the cause of any serious escalation between the two powers.     

John Ashton (1952–2008)

Il Kalevala, O La Poesia tradizionale dei Finni, studio storico - critico sulle origini belle grandi epopee nazionali. DEL DOMENICO COMPARETTI. Firenze, 1891.

DER KALEVALA, ODER DIE TRADITIONELLE POESIE DER FlNNEN, ETC. Von DOMENICO COMPARETTI. (The authorised German edition.) Halle, 1892. By John Abercromby.

Vestiges de Paganisme dans la Région situé entre les cours supérieurs de l'oka et du Don. Par N. Troitzky. Congrès international d' Archiologie préhistorique et d' Anthropologie. Moscou, Août 1892, t. i. By A. C. Haddon.     

Aqa Najafi,Haj Aqa Nurullah,and the Emergence of Islamism in Isfahan 1889–1908

Alongside the burgeoning secular ideas on people and state during the Constitutional Revolution, a movement seeking a modern Islamic state, governed according to the shari'a, also emerged. This article studies the evolution of that movement in Isfahan, first by contrasting the experience of two brothers of very different ages, Aqa Najafi Isfahani and Haj Aqa Nurullah Isfahani, and examining the way the younger became receptive to the Pan-Islamic ideas then current in the Middle East. Second, the article considers in particular the political theory of Aqa Nurullah, which was influenced by his practical experience of institutional innovation in Isfahan. He argued that constitutionalism was implicit to Islam and saw it as generating wealth for Muslims. He also advocated many of the features of later Islamism, including the desire for a strong army.     

Aimé Césaire 1913–2008

In a necessarily selective way, this paper explores the historiographical evolution of ‘settler colonialism’ as a category of analysis during the second half of the twentieth century. It identifies three main passages in its development. At first (until the 1960s), ‘settlers’, ‘settlement’ and ‘colonisation’ are understood as entirely unrelated to colonialism. The two do not occupy the same analytical field, pioneering endeavours are located in ‘empty’ settings and the presence and persistence of indigenous ‘Others’ is comprehensively disavowed. In a second stage (until the late 1970s), ‘settler colonialism’ as a compound identifies one specific type of diehard colonialism, an ongoing and uncompromising form of hyper-colonialism characterised by enhanced aggressiveness and exploitation (a form that had by then been challenged by a number of anti-colonial insurgencies). During a third phase (from the late 1970s and throughout the first half of the 1980s), settler colonialism is identified by a capacity to bring into being high standards of living and economic development. As such, settler colonialism is understood as the opposite of colonialism and associated underdevelopment and political fragmentation. It is only at the conclusion of a number of successive interpretative moments that ‘settler colonial’ phenomena could be theorised as related to, and yet distinct from, colonial ones. On the basis of this transformations, beginning from approximately the mid-1990s, ‘settler colonial studies’ as an autonomous scholarly field could then consolidate.     

1908年 倒在终点前的多兰多·皮特里

"我不是奥运会马拉松比赛的获胜者,但正如英国人所说,我输了比赛,却赢得了荣耀!"1908年伦敦夏季奥运会。马拉松,这项古老赛事的黯然销魂谱上,出现了自     

1878—1908年英国养老金立法之争

19世纪以来,英国老年群体的失业和贫困问题日益突出。1878—1908年,英国社会围绕养老金是否立法以及养老金方案选择等问题出现了激烈争论。支持者认为老年贫困源于客观环境和制度因素,强调老年公民的奉献和权利,主张养老金立法;而反对派坚持贫困属于个人责任,力求在现有制度之内的改良,反对国家干预。争论双方的观点分歧背后隐含了不同阶层的利益冲突。20世纪初,关于贫困问题的调查报告、经济社会的紧张局势以及工人阶级政治力量的成长等因素共同促进了英国舆论观念、国家角色和社会政策的转变。最终,通过民间社会自下而上的支持呼吁和议会政府自上而下的调查取证,共同推动了养老金的立法。     

1907-1908年中德美联盟问题研究

1907年,鉴于英法日俄四国在侵华问题上互相达成谅解,德国政府向中美两国政府提议建立中德关联盟。一种颇为流行的观点认为,1908年清政府派唐绍仪赴美,是以向美国退还庚子赔款一事致谢为幌子,真正使命在于建立中德美联盟。事实上,清政府对德国的中德美联盟之提议反应冷淡,唐绍仪与美国总统密谈一次,即决定终止中德美联盟之议。美国政府起初曾向德国表示愿意考虑中德关联盟问题,但后来转变态度,与日本政府签订《罗脱高平协定》,拒绝德国的提议。中关两国拒绝德国提议的原因在于,中德关联盟方案具有极大的冒险性,不符合两国的安全利益。