青海高原山脉地理格局与地域文化的空间分异

早期人类与自然的相互作用是发生在相对隔离的种群与自然环境之间,文化的形成和发展主要受自然环境的制约和影响。但由于交通、经济、科技等的高速发展,文化的交融和渗透十分普遍。青藏高原相对独立、封闭的地理环境,形成了独特的文化现象。青海高原内部由于高大山脉的阻隔和屏障作用,文化的空间分异相对清晰,文化的交融和渗透还不十分广泛,在现代文化中保留有早期文化的特质。青海高原山脉分布的基本格局形成了不同的山地文化,在祁连山与昆仑山之间的湖盆地区产生了昆仑山文化,两山交汇处为昆仑文化的核心区;祁连山西北段为多民族融和的山地文化区,东南段的河湟谷地,是华夏文明的主要发祥地之一;在昆仑山与唐古拉山之间形成了独具特色的藏文化,将其命名为唐古拉山文化,其内部以巴颜喀拉山为界分为康巴文化和安多文化两个副区。本文通过对青海山脉的地理分布格局与文化的空间分异作初步探讨,旨在揭示青海多民族环境中形成的文化体系,为青海的经济发展和文化建设提供必要的背景信息。     

近现代西北城市体系的空间发展及其影响机制分析

本文以西北地区城市体系为研究对象,应用数理统计等方法,研究1840年至1994年间西北地区城市体系空间发展演变特征及其影响因素。作者认为西北地区城市体系经历了由单极向多极演化的过程;城市空间分布不均衡。指出影响西北地区城市体系空间发展的主要因素包括:经济、政治、交通以及人口密集区的市场经济等因素。     

黄土高原半城镇化农民非农生计稳定性及收入差异分析

半城镇化农民是城镇化的主要对象,其非农生计的稳定性对城镇化的顺利实现具有决定性作用。半城镇化农民的受雇单位性质和从事的具体职业对其非农生计稳定性具有重要影响。在对已有研究的总结和实地调研的基础上,将半城镇化农民的非农生计按照受雇单位性质和具体职业进行分类。根据专家打分问卷和典型人群调查结果,建立了不同受雇单位性质下的具体职业稳定性等级体系,并对榆阳区、原州区和宝塔区的半城镇化农民非农生计稳定性状况进行了实证评价。结果表明,黄土高原半城镇化农民的非农生计稳定性等级普遍很低,低等级类比重都在60%以上。城镇化提高了半城镇化农民的收入水平,但不同稳定性非农生计之间的收入情况差异很大。建立城乡居民同工同酬制度和提高福利保障是推进半城镇化农民城镇化的重要举措。     

MAPPING THEM 'OUT': EURO-CANADIAN CARTOGRAPHY AND THE APPROPRIATION OF THE NUXALK AND TS'ILHQOT'IN FIRST NATIONS' TERRITORIES, 1793–1916

As social constructions of reality, maps embody the values, truth-claims and power-structures of the cultures that make them. Using a variety of interpretive methodologies, geographers and cartographers have developed the thesis that, through selective 're-presentation', maps 'work' at a discursive, symbolic level. In focusing on the artifact itself, however, they have tended to forget that maps are made by someone. Indeed, as part of a wider institutional network, organized and reified by people in pursuit of certain goals, maps serve to create and sustain territories. In a colonial context, moreover, maps arrest and de-legitimize the territorialization of some cultural groups even as they enfranchise and legitimize that of others. Maps are, in this view, ideological weapons. In this paper I use a materialist hermeneutic to investigate the way in which maps helped to actualize the territorial dispossession of the original inhabitants of what is now British Columbia. Beginning with the charts of George Vancouver and Alexander MacKenzie, and ending with the Indian Reserve maps of the 1916 Royal Commission, I illustrate this thesis by tracing the cartographic encirclement of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations. As an essential adjunct in the Euro-Canadian colonization of the region, the analysis has implications for our understanding of the social, political, and juridical function of maps within contemporary land claims discourse.     

被动迁居后城市低收入原住民就业变动的成因及影响因素——以南京为例

城市绅士化引起的低收入原住民被动迁居及其行为响应一直受到学术界高度关注。以南京近1000名安置房社区居民就业变动调查数据为基础,系统分析了被动迁居后城市低收入原住民就业变动的成因及影响因素。研究结果表明:安置点与理想岗位空间错位是被动迁居后城市低收入原住民就业变动首因,个人或家庭以及单位等因素对就业变化亦产生重要作用;被动迁居后城市低收入原住民就业变动呈普遍性和差异性双重特征,城市绅士化运动在一定程度上可能导致弱势阶层内部发生分化。     

CONSERVATION LAND AMENITIES AND REGIONAL ECONOMIES: A POSTMATCHING DIFFERENCE‐IN‐DIFFERENCES ANALYSIS OF THE NORTHWEST FOREST PLAN

The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) resulted in the protection of over 11 million acres of public forestland in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This paper quantifies the amenity effect arising from protected NWFP lands on long‐run community economic growth. Using community fixed effects and postmatching panel regression to control for many sources of bias, we find highly localized and positive amenity impacts on the growth in median income, population, and property values for small communities close to protected NWFP land, as compared to communities far from the NWFP. We find no effect on medium‐sized communities.     

MICRODENTICULATES OF THE FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE: LITHIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS,USE‐WEAR ANALYSIS,AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

In a study published in 1994, Helle Juel Jensen observed that microdenticulates are tools whose function is difficult to assess. She calls the use of the tools “an unresolved functional puzzle”. This study proceeds from that conclusion. Based on attribute and use‐wear analyses together with contextual studies the results show that microdenticulates are complex tools, in which other parts of the flake besides the denticulated edge were used. The result also show that other flint objects from the flint asemblage were used for the same operations as the microdenticulates. The work comprised a conceptual action in which the production, use, and deposition of the material were all parts of the same process. The task was given in advance. The work probably consisted of preparing or treating plant fibres in some way in order to make thread, rope, bast, or the like. The result shows that seemingly simple tools like microdenticulates were a part of the materiality of the south Scandinavian Funnel Beaker complex. The work conducted using the microdenticultates and the tool box associated with them was associated with concepts shared by people over large areas (present day south Sweden and Denmark) over hundreds of years (from Early Neolithic to Middle Neolithic AI).     

THE TSIMSHIAN, THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST FUR TRADE, 1787–1840

The paper examines the first half-century of the fur trade on the Northwest Coast from the perspective of its First Nations participants. It focuses on the array of initiatives taken by Ligeex, a prominent Tsimshian chief, to insert non-native traders within the geopolitics of the indigenous world. The reconstruction is undertaken by linking Tsimshian oral narratives with Euro-American documentary sources.
ľarticle traite des cinquante premiéres années du commerce des fourrures sur la côte nord-ouest du point de vue des participants membres des Premiéres Nations. II se concentre sur la série ďinitiatives entreprises par Ligeex, un chef tsimshian de premier rang, afin ďincorporer les commerçants allochtones à la géopolitique du monde indigéne. La reconstruction est effectuée en reliant des narrations de la tradition orale tsimshiane à des sources documentaires euro-américaines.     

BAKKE, WEBER, AND RACE IN EMPLOYMENT: ANALYSIS OF INFORMED OPINION

The article reports research on informed opinion as to linkage between Bakke and the discretionary use of race in private employment practice. Of particular concern is the legal parallel between the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title 6 as applied in Bakke and Title 7 as it relates to Kaiser Aluminum v. Weber and to other employment cases. The principal research entailed Q-methodology, a technique allowing respondents to produce and present a structured attitude (mind set) with regard to an issue or controversy. Focus of the study was upon 1) respondent values or norms as to race in employment; 2) opinions as to the impact of Bakke upon race in employment; and 3) perceptions of Bakke as portent of things to come. Responses were made in the Fall of 1978. Respondents were from groups indicating interest in Bakke, together with university teachers in relevant fields. Factor analysis of responses revealed three principal attitudes. One attitude (Factor I) strongly affirms race-conscious affirmative action, including quotas, sharply condemned the Supreme Court for abrogating (in Bakke) its responsibility for protecting minority rights, and saw Bakke as a portent of unwelcome things. Factor II condemns any consideration of race in programs of admission or employment, predicted some beneficial legacy of Bakke, but was most critical of its deference to racial considerations. Factor III is pragmatic and was supportive of the Supreme Court Bakke decision, from which it projected beneficial consequences. Factor III accepts the discretionary use of race while rejecting quotas. Survey research conducted by others reveals that a public majority holds opinions most congruent with Factor III. In the employment area specifically, a majority rejects quotas but endorses minority training programs. The 1979 Weber decision gives a limited sanction to voluntary quotas, but does not exceed the range of tolerance set by a public permissive in this particular policy area.     

REFINING ESTIMATES FOR THE SEASON OF SHELLFISH COLLECTION ON THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST: APPLYING HIGH‐RESOLUTION STABLE OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AND SCLEROCHRONOLOGY

Stable oxygen isotopes from estuarine bivalve carbonate from Saxidomus gigantea were analysed combined with high‐resolution sclerochronology from modern and archaeological shells from British Columbia, Canada, to determine the seasonality of shellfish collection from the archaeological site of Namu. The combination of high‐resolution sclerochronology and a micro‐milled sampling strategy for δ¹⁸O analysis permits a precise estimate of archaeological seasonality, because seasonal freshwater influxes and changes in temperature have dual effects on the δ¹⁸O value of the shell. Sclerochronological analysis identifies the timing and duration of growth that is temporally aligned to stable oxygen isotope results, since δ¹⁸O_shell appears to be strongly influenced by seasonal inputs of very low δ¹⁸O snowmelt‐water from adjacent coastal mountain ranges. The results show that shellfish were collected year‐round at this site over a 4000‐year period, and these data combined with other zooarchaeological lines of evidence support the interpretation of year‐round occupation.     

3. EVOCATION, ANALYSIS, AND THE "CRISIS OF LIBERALISM"

In The Years of Extermination , the second volume of Nazi Germany and the Jews , Saul Friedländer attempts to write an "integrated" history of the Holocaust that captures the "convergence" of German decisions and policies, the reaction of the surrounding world, and the perceptions and experiences of the Jews. Although several historiographical issues are studied in detail (the role of Hitler, the evolution of Nazi anti-Jewish policy, and the role of the Christian churches), the most innovative aspect of the book is its extensive use of excerpts from over forty diaries of Jewish victims, which are interspersed among the statements of Nazi leaders and officials, Wehrmacht soldiers, churchmen, and various collaborators and bystanders in order to juxtapose "entirely different levels of reality." What ultimately holds the book together, despite its intentionally disrupted narrative and Friedländer's disclaimer that the history of the Holocaust can be encompassed within any "single conceptual framework," is the overarching theme of the "crisis of liberalism."     

环境公正视角下空气污染和死亡人数的空间分析及关系研究——以河北省为例

基于空气污染的环境公正研究在国际上受到较多关注,但在发展中国家、尤其是中国,相关研究较为缺乏。本文使用2010年河北省人口普查和空气质量数据,采用空间分析、描述性统计以及空间回归模型等方法对基于乡镇街道层面的空气污染和死亡人数的空间分布、社会分布及其关系进行研究。结果表明,河北省空气污染和死亡人数在城市和农村地区存在显著差异;基于乡镇街道层面,河北省的婴儿（1岁及以下）、老年人（60岁及以上）、失业者和省外农村流动人口更多地居住在空气污染比较严重的地区;婴儿、老年人、使用固体燃料或住房无洗澡设施的家庭户聚集的乡镇街道其死亡人数较多;空气污染与死亡人数之间存在显著的正相关。本研究旨在促进对中国环境公正与健康不平等的理解和认识,为发展更为公平、有效的环境健康政策提供科学依据。