论17、18世纪德意志地区的宫廷犹太人

在17、18世纪,由于欧洲及德意志地区政治经济状况的变化、犹太人特殊的历史经历以及对居住地表现出来的“忠诚”和“弱民”地位等原因,在德意志地区出现了一个特殊的犹太人群体——宫廷犹太人。他们利用其经济方面的影响,积极参与在宫廷的军事斗争、政治生活和日常生活,受到宫廷的信任,取得了较高的社会地位。虽然他们与犹太社团有着一些冲突,但他们并没有忘记自己的犹太人身份,在管理犹太社团事务、形成新的犹太社团、传承犹太文化等方面发挥着独特的作用。这个时期宫廷犹太人的活动为犹太启蒙运动和犹太人的解放准备了条件。     

澳葡政府时期的社团与澳门社会保障

由于历史原因,澳门长期处于华葡分治的状态。在鸦片战争后,澳门华人远离中国政府的管治,而在殖民政权下得不到重视。当地华人通过成立各类社团来对身处殖民统治的华人族群进行社会救助与社会事务管理,经由社团这一组织来弥补澳葡政府对华人社会所缺失的社会保障部分,这在中国近现代史中也是少有的。本文通过对澳葡政府治下的社团组织活动进行研究,探讨在澳葡政府管治时期的华人社会如何在社团的协助下进行自力救济,及与政府之间的关系等。     

战后国民党在澳门的活动及影响

"二战"结束后,凭借在内地全面执政的有利形势,中国国民党恢复了在澳门的公开活动。在加强党员征集与组织发展的同时,国民党创办与推动成立社团并依托社团组织动员华人民众,强化党国教育及意识形态灌输,筹划大型祝庆活动,参与内地"制宪"、赈灾等事务,协助解决华人社群民生及行业劳资纠纷,促进澳门工商业的恢复与发展。国民党战后在澳门的活动,目的是服务于内地政治需要,即通过扩展其在澳门华人社群的政治影响,争取民众支持南京政府。     

珠江纵队对澳门的统一战线工作

第二次世界大战期间,葡萄牙是中立国,澳门也因此算是中立地区,有着特殊的环境和地位。广州、香港相继沦陷后,由于日本没有派兵占领澳门,澳门成为战火中的孤岛。抗日战争时期,由于澳门特殊的历史地位．澳门同胞的抗战活动十分活跃,广大澳门爱国人士开展新闻、文学、戏剧、歌咏、美术等活动,宣传抗日救亡．有力地揭露了日军的侵华暴行。传播全民旅团结一致抵御外侮的主张,唤起澳门同胞的爱国热情和觉悟,积极支援内地抗战．在国内、国际产生了积极的影响．在中国抗战史上有着特殊的地位。     

澳门的沦丧与回归

澳门位于我国珠江三角洲南端．珠江口的西南岸,北与广东省珠海市毗连,西与香港隔伶仃洋相望。澳门一名见诸史籍是在明朝．人们把能停靠船舶的海湾称为“澳”,“其回澳门．则以澳南有四山（即仔、路环、大横琴、小横琴四岛）高立,海水纵横贯其中,成十字,日十字门,故合称澳门”①。澳门既有“澳”的作用,又有“门”的景观而得名。澳门自古以来就是中国的领土。早在公元前221年,秦始皇统一中国后不久,增置南海等四郡,澳门就属南海郡地。公元1152年（来绍兴二十二年）建置香山县,澳门为香山县的一个渔村,称香山澳。明清时期均设立…     

分权印尼：历史的遗难与现实的方案

从比较和历史一制度的观点出发,同时借用葛兰西“被动革命”、“精英融合”等概念,分析了威胁印尼中期稳定的诸种因素及其历史根源。集权体制和武装力量在国家政治和经济生活中的特殊化是印尼独立时期的两份政治遗产。通过探讨苏哈托体制中的政治权威系统及其演变,可看出苏哈托政府不是“发展政府”,而是一个“社团主义”政府,因而暴力横行和军阀政治是印尼可能出现的最糟糕局面,而权力分散将是解决印尼问题的关键。     

我与街坊工作的数十载情

澳门的传统社区,大多是脚踏实地、勤勤恳恳地为澳门居民及本社团所代表的阶层服务,为澳门社会的稳定进步和经济繁荣发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献。而各社团的领导成员和工作人员,也大多是埋头苦干,公而忘私,为服务群众而贡献了青春和毕生精力。年轻时的我凭着勇于接受挑战的干劲,在1968年澳门街坊会联合总会(简称街总)的前身“街区工作组”参与工作,希望能借此为澳门的社团工作献出自己的力量,全心全意地为大众服务。转眼至今,我已从事街坊服务30多个年头。我热心社区工作的动力是来自我自身的经历。我出身于社会底层,年少时候生活的困苦和艰难…     

本土之外:澳门抗日战争研究述评

学界对中国内地抗战已有较多研究,而对于港澳及海外华侨的抗战研究仍显不够。澳门的抗战是中华民族抗日战争不可或缺的部分,而其特殊的"中立"地位更加彰显其在抗战时期的独特性及研究价值。加强对澳门与抗日战争的考察与研究,既可以扩大现今澳门史研究的关照面,同时也有助于深化对抗日战争时期澳葡政府统治下的澳门社会动态以及澳门与参战各方的复杂关系进行全景式的透视与分析。     

“澳门与海上丝绸之路”国际研讨会侧记

澳门中华拉丁基金会、澳门基金会、联合国教科文组织及澳门海上丝绸之路研究中心于１９９９年３月１２日至１４日在澳门联合举办了“澳门与海上丝绸之路”国际研讨会。来自中国内地、香港、澳门和台湾地区及日本、美国、法国、英国的近８０名专家、学者,就澳门在海上丝绸之路及中国近代史上的地位、葡萄牙人东来与海上丝绸之路、“妈祖”文化与澳门、东西方文化交流与澳门经济、社会及政治的发展和回归后澳门的对外关系等课题,展开了热烈的讨论。与会者认为,此次会议在即将回归祖国的澳门举行,又适逢葡萄牙人达·伽马环球航海５００周年…     

沦陷时期的上海工运

从1919年的“五四”运动起,上海工人的政治倾向便在各种社会力量的角逐中,显示出特殊的作用,围绕着上海工运的领导权,近代中国历史上一些有影响的政党、社团都曾进行过大量的活动。但总体说来,在抗战以前,如同当时中国的政治大局一样,基本上是国共两党的抗争。及至抗战爆发,这一格局发生变化。尤其是在1937年11月12日上海沦陷以后,社会矛盾与工运形势的关系更显示出如下新的特点。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.