Internationalizing Professional Development in Geography through Distance Education

This paper assesses the value and relevance of geography education in the realm of professional development. It explores the potential of distance education to support lifelong learners through courses or modules that operate across international boundaries and incorporate materials from local and global contexts. The authors argue that Internet-enabled distance education offers the potential to extend access to many prospective students who are unlikely or unable to participate in full-time residential courses, and that distance education can facilitate international collaboration among educators and educational institutions. A case is made for an internationalized programme of study for continuing adult education, as opposed to the primary, secondary and higher education sectors that are the focus of most existing geographical education programmes. Next, the authors document the ways in which recent commitments to internationalizing teaching and learning in geography have brought us to the point where professional development of lifelong learners is demonstrable, particularly in the fields of geographic information technologies and teacher professional development. They outline some of the main challenges that must be addressed if the potential of distance education as an enabling tool for professional development in geography is to be fulfilled: specifically, collaborative development and delivery of curricula and the articulation of quality assurance standards and certification agreements among participating institutions.     

Alone against the waking dragon: Britain's failure to secure international cooperation in China, 1925–1926

This article examines the notion of international cooperation in affairs concerning China in the 1920s from the point of view of a major foreign power at that time, Britain, as it sought to find a suitable response to the huge outburst of nationalistic and anti‐imperialist feelings in China in the summer of 1925. It aims to show that the “December Memorandum” issued by Britain in December 1926 was not a sudden liberal turning‐point in British policy towards China as is commonly viewed, but must be properly understood in the context of the events preceding it. This misplaced faith in the notion of international cooperation by a major foreign power, Britain, would have far‐reaching consequences for the future of Chinese nationalism.     

关税特别会议的评价问题——以“关税自主案”为中心的分析

关税会议对恢复中国关税自主权问题的讨论以及它所通过的关税自主案,既是当时社会各界关注的焦点,也是评价关税会议的要点。关税自主案既非有效条约亦非国际协定,并不具有约束各方的国际法效力,不能对其评价过高。从其形成过程来看,关税自主案存在悬而未决的问题。围绕关税会议而形成的关税自主运动高潮及其本身所体现出的自主趋向,方为认识和评价关税会议的基本层面。     

中国商会代表团参加太平洋商务会议述论

太平洋商务会议不仅是一次比较完整意义上的商人外交活动,而且是中国商人外交继五四时期之后的又一次跨越。这次会议由联太平洋协会这一国际商人外交组织发起,由太平洋地区各国工商界所派代表参加,对中国商人来说是第一次直接的国际商人外交活动。通过这次会议,中国向世界发出了要求国际和平,反对政治侵略,希望太平洋各国建立真正友谊的呼吁;阐明了中国商务发展的障碍,以及建立平等国际经济秩序的必要性;宣传了中国工商业发展情况,消除国际上对中国商务状况的误会;提出了开发资源、发展交通、增进国际商务合作的主张。会议通过了许多有利于中国的议案,推进了中国工商界联美制日的外交策略,也增进了中国商人走向世界的意识。     

1992年联合国环境与发展大会评析

联合国环境与发展大会是继1972年联合国人类环境大会后国际环境保护史上的又一个里程碑事件。大会的召开与20世纪80年代后期世界范围的环保主义高潮有着直接的联系。在预备会议和正式会议上,南北国家代表围绕全球可持续发展的几个主要焦点议题产生了分歧并展开了激烈的辩论。会议取得的主要成果表现在两个方面:一是确立了世界各国在可持续发展和国际合作的一般性原则。二是制订了可持续发展和国际合作的战略措施。     

国联和平解决国际争端机制研究

一战期间,欧美相关政治力量在通过建立国际联盟(以下简称国联)和平解决国际争端维护世界和平上,达成共识并进行了相关的筹划。一战后召开巴黎和会,协约国在借鉴一战期间关于国联各种构想的基础上,建立了国联及其和平解决国际争端机制。但该机制并没有从根本上改变以往国际政治的结构,加之在自身设计上存在很多漏洞,使得国联和平解决国际争端机制在调处一战后国际争端中所发挥的作用有限。     

Integrated Design of Conservation of the Archaeological Heritage

Abstract

This article aims to establish a connection between (a) the identification of heritage and measures for its protection, and (b) the collection and dissemination of scientific information, as set out in the Treaty of Valletta. This is illustrated through research conducted at the Asklepieion of Kos, which led to an anastylosis project on the Roman temple, within a wider project to re-organize the entire area of the sanctuary. The paper highlights the development of the project, including traditional methods of direct survey (manual and digital), a database of the three-dimension models of the single architectural elements of the temple, and a CAD/CAM model of the reconstruction project.     

Canadian Civil Aviation 1935–45: Flying Between the United States and Great Britain

This article examines Canada's role in post-war planning for international civil aviation and how it was influenced by plans emanating from both London and Washington. Canadian aviation policy was driven by ambitions not easily reconciled: collective-security idealism; commercial advantage; the desire to reconcile British and US policies; and to raise Canada's international profile. These issues are explained and analysed in the lead-up to and in the events of the Chicago International Civil Aviation Conference in November–December 1944. What emerges challenges a considerable part of the conventional wisdom about Canada's diplomacy and the role it played at Chicago through a more nuanced picture of both motives and the stage upon which the civil-aviation drama was played out.     

一届政协筹备问题的若干考察

中国人民政治协商会议筹备期间,中共为适应形势的不断发展变化,与各民主党派、人民团体代表反复协商,对会议计划做了多次重要修改。至会议开幕,这次会议无论是名称、开会时间、地点,还是会议性质、召集办法、邀请党外人士的政治标准,都与中共最初的计划完全不同。     

试论公元前5世纪中期雅典的陪审法庭变革

雅典的陪审法庭创建于梭伦改革时期,最初附属于公民大会。公元前5世纪中期,陪审法庭从公民大会中分离出来,成为雅典民主制的核心机构之一。从形式上看,它从单一的法庭转变成多个陪审法庭;从职能上看,陪审法庭新增了官员的任职资格审查和账目审计等职权;从性质上看,陪审法庭不仅仅是接受上诉案件的终审法庭,还是一审的法庭;另外,陪审津贴的颁行给每一个公民以出席陪审法庭的机会。陪审法庭的这些变革是雅典民主化进程的需要,也是人口增长和雅典帝国事务增多的结果。     

The Parthenon Marbles as icons of nationalism in nineteenth‐century Britain

Theories of nationalism place native culture at the core of national self‐fashioning. What explains a state's adoption of foreign objects to sustain national identity? In this paper, I argue that the incorporation of the Parthenon Marbles into British public life is an early example of supranational nationalism. The nineteenth‐century ‘art race’ was a competitive field in which European nation‐states vied for prestige. Of the thousands of art trophies that were brought to Britain from Mediterranean and North African countries, the Parthenon Marbles were uniquely iconicised. Using data from period newspapers and official documents, I assert that this was because they were assiduously presented as prenational by British authorities. In this way, they belonged simultaneously to no nation, to every nation, and to Britain. The case demonstrates the emergence of a particular form of national distinctiveness that transcended the smallness of particularity and rose to the level of universal civilisation.     

公元前五世纪雅典法令铭文十篇译注

本文所选铭文系雅典在公元前5世纪中叶颁布的部分法令,集中反映出作为盟主之邦的雅典在政治、经济及司法等诸多方面对盟邦主权的肆意践踏,是解读该时期雅典历史的重要原始资料。国外古典学界对古希腊传世铭文的释读与研究极为重视,其中较权威的选本为R·梅格斯与D·刘易斯整理的《希腊历史铭文选》,亦是本文所依据的文本。     

Ancient Athens: democracy and empire1

This paper looks at the principal features of the Athenian democracy in the fifth century BC and of the Delian League, the fifth-century alliance which became an Athenian empire, and asks how it was that at the same time the Athenians built up an unprecedented degree of democracy in their internal affairs and an unprecedented degree of rule over other Greek states.     

雅典外邦人的社会地位与历史作用

作为一个主要由外来移民所组成的社会阶层,外邦人(Metics)是解读雅典城邦社会形态的重要载体.古典时代,雅典的开放和繁荣吸引了大批的外邦人.由于雅典公民的重农轻商意识和对政治权利的垄断,外邦人不能从事农业生产与政治活动,但是在雅典的工商业与文化领域外邦人拥有相对自由的发展空间.雅典外邦人以其独特的社会地位为雅典城邦的繁荣和稳定发挥了不可或缺的特殊历史作用.     

雅典执政官任用程序的历史考察

执政官曾是雅典权重一时的官员,但是在大约300年的时间里,它的任用程序几次发生变化,由最初的贵族议会直接任命最终发展为民主式的抽签选举,在此过程中,其政治影响和地位也发生了戏剧性变化,从城邦最高官员沦落为普通公民都可担任的职务.整个过程实际体现了雅典由贵族政治向民主政治的逐渐过渡,因此是雅典政治民主化的缩影.     

从家庭和私人生活看古雅典妇女的地位

在以男性为中心的古雅典社会 ,不同类型的妇女在家庭和私人生活中 ,都处于屈从男性统治的低下地位 ,这种地位是雅典的社会制度、经济、政治、教育、结婚年龄和社会风尚等多种文化因素相互作用的结果。     

制度视角下的海外侨胞回国参加政协会议机制：历史、现状与发展

论文介绍了海外侨胞回国参加政协会议机制的历史演变,具体分析了1984年以来各地政协在组织海外侨胞回国参加政协会议机制方面的总体情况和影响开展此项工作的重要因素、具体实施的主导形式以及制度化的内在必要性。得出以下结论：地区经济发展基础是邀请海外侨胞回国参加政协会议制度的积极因素,但不是决定因素;在现行制度框架下,作为列席代表的形式比较符合实际;在国家层面特别是全国政协可以考虑对各地邀请海外侨胞回国参加政协活动进行制度化规范。     

我国会展旅游发展中的问题与对策探析

我国会辰旅游的发展对我国的社会、经济、文化的大发展起到了很大的推动作用,但总的来说,我国会展旅游发展水平仍然很低,发展中存在着一些问题。本文针对会展旅游发展中的司题,对如何使我国会展旅游走上可持续发展的轨道作了初步探讨。     

关税会议期间国民党在北方的民众动员

关税会议期间北方的民众动员是国民党民众动员的重要组成部分。国民党明确主张废除不平等条约,召开国民会议,并以此为号召,一方面发表宣言通电派出外交代表团进行宣传鼓动,另一方面进行党团运作,领导民众团体发起集会游行,取得了很好的动员效果。由此,国民党将国民革命运动推向北方尤其是军阀统治的中心北京。