1985年的粮食大减产

1985年我国发生了粮食大减产。该年粮食总产量37911万吨,较上年减产2819.7万吨,降幅达-6.9%。这是自1959—1961年"大跃进"后,又一次粮食大减产。这一次粮食大减产,使人均粮食产量从390公斤跌回到358公斤(按当时的收入水平和营养水平,粮食供需平衡的标准是人均原粮385公斤),打破了粮食问题已经过     

1961年粮食进口对中国对外贸易的影响

1961年是中国对外贸易史上具有转折意义的一年。这一年中国大规模进口粮食,改变了过去主要靠出口农副产品换取工业设备、先进技术的进出口商品格局。同时,由于进口粮食主要来自西方资本主义国家,进一步突破了斯大林"两个平行市场"的理论。自此,中国对外贸易的重心转向西方,贸易方式也发生了重大变化,政府间易货贸易减少,开始普遍使用国际一般贸易规则,尤其是发展了"以进养出"的新型贸易方式。1961年的粮食进口给对外贸易所带来的积极变化,对我国的对外开放事业具有启迪意义。     

情系共和国粮食安全的周恩来

民以食为天,粮食是立国之本。共和国的"大管家"周恩来总理非常重视粮食问题,在三年困难时期和十年动乱期间,他辛勤操劳,呕心沥血地领导和主持制定了粮食工作的一系列重大政策,使国家和人民渡过了难关。请看《情系共和国粮食安全的周恩来》一文。     

天津斗店业初探

天津从元朝起,就成为了北方粮食的集散地。随后形成了以"西集"、"北集"、"东集"为代表的粮食交易集市。在集市上,有些外地粮商为了更多的获利,就把粮食暂时储存起来,待粮食价格升高后再出卖,于是,以专门代客储存或倒卖粮食为主要业务的"斗店"应运而生,本文将对此行业的产生与发展进行初探。     

三年困难时期的“做饭技术革新运动”

"做饭技术革新运动"的出现并不是偶然的,有着复杂的历史背景.1958年,"大跃进"运动在全国掀起,农业生产受到严重影响,粮食产量出现了大减产.但在浮夸风的作用下,各地却瞒报、虚报粮食产量,民众被迫勒紧裤带多交公粮.粮食短缺和营养不良所带来的严重后果触目惊心.在坚持既定原则下(没收自留地、粮食分配到食堂等),各级党委政府发动了一系列的增产节约运动,如"低标准、瓜菜代"、推广代食品等.以"粮食烹调增量法"为主体的"做饭技术革新运动",正是在这样的历史背景下应运而生的.     

知识青年上山下乡并非我国首创

正20世纪50年代,中国出现了粮食严重短缺的现象,毛泽东深感粮食问题的严重性。在这种困难局面下,在"一切学习苏联老大哥"的年代,1955年4月,团中央代表团访苏时了解到,苏联在1954年大规模垦荒运动中,以城市青年为垦荒主体,两年里一共动员了27万城市青年移民垦荒。此举既解决了粮食短缺,又解决了城市青年就业问题。代表团回     

我国农村改革的历程(二)

正粮食改革对粮食等农产品价格形成机制,对农民的补贴、粮食流通体制的改革,概括起来叫"粮改"。"粮改"主要从三大政策开始,也可以称为是第一轮"粮改"。1979年的三大政策是:第一,让农民休养生息,如果南方稻谷产区的农民人均稻谷产量不够400斤,如果北方旱粮杂粮地区农民人均产粮不够300斤,国家即停止征收粮食。城里的粮食供应减少     

《抗日战争时期粮食供求问题研究》

正团结出版社2015年6月版,26.6万字,36元粮食攸关民生,平时极为重要,战时尤为迫切。八年抗战之所以能够获得最后胜利,与国民政府能够较为有效地解决粮食问题,使军粮、民食不致过分缺乏有关。本书运用国民政府档案、行政院档案及农林部档案等大量原始资料,配合相关论著、报刊,及近年出版的《事略稿本》《蒋介石日记》,深入探讨了抗战时期"大后方"粮食的具体供求情况及国民政府解     

周总理与调运“救急”粮

<正>就在"大跃进"风暴席卷全国之后,社会主义中国陷于了三年极端困难时期。时逢南涝北旱,粮食减产,百姓口粮减半;中苏关系恶化,苏修竭力地逼粮抵债;加之公社食堂化,放开肚皮吃,粮食浪费惊人。天灾加人祸,导致全国粮食奇缺。俗话说:"民以食为天"。"人是铁,饭是钢,一天不吃饿得慌"。人民吃不饱,劳动强度大,各种疾病漫延,工农业生产呈现半停产状态,国家前途危在旦夕。     

从“小仁政”到“大仁政”(下)——新中国成立初期毛泽东与中共领导人在农民粮食问题上的态度异同与变化

正"一五"计划实施后毛泽东态度开始变化不过,中国粮食紧张的问题并不会因为毛泽东这种简单的干预得到改变。减也好,免也好,在粮食产量增长有限而工业建设大量上马的情况下,只会增加政府财政负担和粮食分配困难。1953年农民负担相对减轻,政府的粮食销售和市场供应就立即出现了问题。当年夏     

周恩来与“文化大革命”时期的粮食问题

"文化大革命"使国民经济遭受了严重损失。周恩来殚精竭虑,采取种种措施,稳定粮食局势。他劝说红卫兵和造反派不能冲击农业生产,坚持抓南粮北调局面的改变,用"以出养进"的办法开展粮食外贸,努力解决"三个突破"中的粮食"窟窿"问题,认真贯彻藏粮于民的思想,常抓节约粮食。周恩来高度重视粮食问题的思想和为民谋利的风范至今仍有现实意义。     

民国时期北平城市粮食市场区位分布及其等级研究

民国时期北平城市人口众多,粮食需求颇费。北平火车站附近的粮栈作为第一级市场将粮食输入到北平城内,一级销售商携带粮食样品在第二级粮食交易市场进行商品交换,第三级市场销售商在二级交易市场确定货源后,将粮食供应全市人民,最终覆盖整个北平城。第一级粮食市场承担代替外地粮商销售买卖的功能,多集中在车站附近;二级粮食市场确定了一级市场的货源后,进一步将粮食供应系统扩大;三级销售市场的主要表现形式为米庄和陆陈行,其特点为数量大、规模小、覆盖范围广,有效地将粮食输入给最终消费者。粮食供给直接关系到民生问题,本文围绕粮食这一主题,探讨了民国时期北平城市粮食市场的总体运作原则、粮食商业的运行模式以及每级粮食供应商的特点与粮食流通方式,指出北平粮食市场的三个级别间的相互联系。     

李鸿章与晚清漕粮海运

晚清漕粮海运与李鸿章的关系密不可分.他通过恢复海运扩大漕粮海运的参与省份,调整海运规章、抚恤海运群体,扶植轮船招商局、促进漕粮运输工具近代化等方式,对漕粮海运的变革产生了全方位影响,成为推动中国社会走向近代的重要人物.     

新中国区际粮食流通的三次变化及其原因分析

新中国50多年间,粮食流通经历了计划调拨到市场调节的变化过程。在这一变化过程中,粮食流向流量发生了由南粮北调到北粮南运到北出南进乃至南北同出三次历史性变化。通过对这一过程和相关因素的分析可以看出,这三次重大的历史变化既是中国区域经济在市场化主导下非均衡发展的结果,同时,它又将对区域经济和国民经济、世界经济的进一步发展和调整产生重大的影响。     

The mechanism of fluid infiltration in peridotites at Almklovdalen, western Norway

A major Alpine‐type peridotite located at Almklovdalen in the Western Gneiss Region of Norway was infiltrated by aqueous fluids at several stages during late Caledonian uplift and retrogressive metamorphism. Following peak metamorphic conditions in the garnet–peridotite stability field, the peridotite experienced pervasive fluid infiltration and retrogression in the chlorite–peridotite stability field. Subsequently, the peridotite was infiltrated locally by nonreactive fluids along fracture networks forming pipe‐like structures, typically on the order of 10 m wide. Fluid migration away from the fractures into the initially impermeable peridotite matrix was facilitated by pervasive dilation of grain boundaries and the formation of intragranular hydrofractures. Microstructural observations of serpentine occupying the originally fluid‐filled inclusion space indicate that the pervasively infiltrating fluid was characterized by a high dihedral angle (θ > 60°) and ‘curled up’ into discontinuous channels and fluid inclusion arrays following the infiltration event. Re‐equilibration of the fluid phase topology took place by growth and dissolution processes driven by the excess surface energy represented by the ‘forcefully’ introduced external fluid. Pervasive fluid introduction into the peridotite reduced local effective stresses, increased the effective grain boundary diffusion rates and caused extensive recrystallization and some grain coarsening of the infiltrated volumes. Grain boundary migration associated with this recrystallization swept off abundant intragranular fluid inclusions in the original chlorite peridotite, leading to a significant colour change of the rock. This colour change defines a relatively sharp front typically located 1–20 cm away from the fractures where the nonreactive fluids originally entered the peridotite. Our observations demonstrate how crustal rocks may be pervasively infiltrated by fluids with high dihedral angles (θ > 60°) and emphasize the coupling between hydrofracturing and textural equilibration of the grain boundary networks and the fluid phase topology.     

Experimental study of aqueous fluid infiltration into quartzite: implications for the kinetics of fluid redistribution and grain growth driven by interfacial energy reduction

To investigate the kinetics of interfacial energy‐driven fluid infiltration, experiments were carried out in a quartzite–water system at 621–925°C and 0.8 GPa. Infiltration couples were made by juxtaposing presynthesized dry quartzite cylinders and fluid reservoirs. The infiltration process was confirmed by the presence of pores at the quartzite grain edges. As predicted from theoretical considerations and previous experiments, wetting fluids such as pure water and NaCl aqueous solution infiltrated into quartzite, whereas nonwetting CO₂‐rich fluids did not. Newly precipitated quartz layers at the surfaces of the infiltrated sample proved that infiltration took place by a dissolution–precipitation mechanism. The enhancement of grain growth by fluid infiltration was observed over the entire range of experimental temperatures. The fluid fraction, gauged by the porosity of the run products, increases at the infiltration front and then decreases towards the fluid reservoir to form a high‐porosity zone with a maximum porosity of 2.3–2.9%. As infiltration proceeds, the high‐porosity zone advances like a travelling wave. This porosity wave is probably caused by a grain curvature gradient resulting from preferential grain growth in the infiltrated part of the quartzite, perhaps combined with other factors. The infiltration kinetics were modelled with a steady‐state diffusion model over the high‐porosity zone. The solubility difference between dissolving and precipitating grains was deduced to be 2 × 10^?2?3 × 10^?1 wt %. The experimentally obtained infiltration rate of aqueous fluid in the steady‐state diffusion regime (2 ± 0.5 × 10^?8 m sec^?1 at 823°C) is much faster than the estimated metamorphic fluid flux rates, so that interfacial energy‐driven fluid redistribution in quartz‐rich layers could significantly contribute to the fluid flux in high‐grade metamorphism, at least over a short distance. Cathodoluminescence observations of the run products revealed that the grain growth of quartzite in the presence of fluid proceeds extensively, which would promote the chemical equilibration between fluid and rock more effectively than would volume diffusion in quartz crystals.     

宋代粮商的粮食投机

宋代商人在发挥调剂余缺功能的同时,还存在严重的投机行为。宋代粮商的投机行为,多见于三个领域：一是向官府贩粜军需粮草过程中,利用各种非法手段,诈取官府钱物;二是在、城市粮食贸易中投机取巧,从城市居民和城郊农民身上攫取暴利;三是乡村中的地主家庭,趁粮食短缺之机,残酷地压榨农民。这些投机活动,既暴露了宋代粮商惟利是图、为富不仁的丑恶嘴脸,也从一个侧面反映出古代商人的投机性。     

新时期农村经济改革成功的原因再探

十一届三中全会后农村经济改革的成功主要归功于家庭承包经营的实行和推广,但同时也应看到一些尚被人们忽视的重要因素——国家在这一时期采取提高粮食收购价、限定粮食征购数量而扩大进口粮食等特殊政策,为农民多劳多得的承包积极性提供了持续的推动力和可行条件。另外,从生产力决定生产关系的基本原理考察,"四三方案"引进大化肥成套设备的投产,成倍地增加了单位化肥施用量;籼型杂交水稻和高产小麦的研制成功和推广,将粮食亩产大幅度增加,都使得农村经济改革如虎添翼,取得了粮食产量连上新台阶的巨大成就。这些因素共同促使新时期农村经济改革顺利进行并最终取得成功。     

Food Security and Russia's 2010 Drought

An American specialist on Russia's agricultural sector examines the progression and impact of that country's 2010 drought (the worst in a half-century), leading to a grain harvest one-third smaller than originally forecast. A particular focus is on the country's grain reserves and the government's response to drought in such areas as grain export policy and maintaining the size of the domestic livestock herd, responses which the author argues are conditioned by the drive for food security, a concept that has dominated the political discourse in tandem with resurgent economic nationalism during the post-Soviet period.     

内蒙古人口与粮食问题研究

内蒙古地处中纬度内陆地区,生态环境脆弱,干旱和半干旱面积占自治区总面积的80%以上。长期以来,形成的观念是内蒙古地广人稀、资源丰富,尤其是"文革"期间,在牧民不吃亏心粮口号的驱使下,将大向积林草地辟为粮田,导致草场的退化和土地的沙化。本文分析内蒙古人口发展和粮食生产的历史和现状,揭示在PRED系统中,人口增长与粮食生产面临的主要问题,结合内蒙古"九五"计划和2010年远景目标的要求,提出控制人口数量,提高粮食单产水平,实行退耕还草还林、降低耕地总量,保持人均粮食产量的动态平衡。