基于区域经济差异视角的重庆市经济区划研究

本文在传统区域经济差异指标泰尔指数的基础上提出经济区划度的概念,对重庆市自直辖以来出台的不同经济区划方案进行评价;并运用GIS热点分析方法,探讨经济区划调整的可能性。研究结果表明：①历次政府区划方案中,“五大功能区”经济区划度远高于其余三种方案,但近年来经济区划度呈现出逐年下降趋势,并不稳定;②基于GIS热点分析得到三种初始区划方案中,方案I（“四圈+两翼”）的经济区划效果表现最佳,并显著优于“五大功能区”经济区划,且其效果呈现出逐年上升的趋势。③综合考虑政府规划决策、地形地貌、历史发展基础以及交通条件等方面因素,微调后的方案I的区划效果良好且更符合实际区划要求。研究对重庆及西部内陆地区的可持续发展具有一定科学指导意义。     

A Surface-Based Approach to Measuring Spatial Segregation

Quantitative indices of residential segregation have been with us for half a century, but suffer significant limitations. While useful for comparison among regions, summary indices fail to reveal spatial aspects of segregation. Such measures generally consider only the population mix within zones, not between them. Zone boundaries are treated as impenetrable barriers to interaction between population subgroups, so that measurement of segregation is constrained by the zoning system, which bears no necessary relation to interaction among population subgroups. A segregation measurement approach less constrained by the chosen zoning system, which enables visualization of segregation levels at the local scale and accounts for the spatial dimension of segregation, is required. We propose a kernel density estimation approach to model spatial aspects of segregation. This provides an explicitly geographical framework for modeling and visualizing local spatial segregation. The density estimation approach lends itself to development of an index of spatial segregation with the advantage of functional compatibility with the most widely used index of segregation (the dissimilarity index D ). We provide a short review of the literature on measuring segregation, briefly describe the kernel density estimation method, and illustrate how the method can be used for measuring segregation. Examples using a simulated landscape and two empirical cases in Washington, DC and Philadelphia, PA are presented.     

ZONING A CROSS‐BORDER CITY

This paper investigates zoning in a cross‐border linear city that consists of two bordering towns. In each town, a local regulator has a say in the location of the local firm. We find that local regulators may use zoning strategically. The incentive to gain consumers from the other town, or not to lose local consumers, may push regulators to approve only locations for firms close enough to the frontier. When zoning is costly an asymmetric equilibrium may emerge: only one regulator resorts to zoning. In the case of towns of different sizes, the regulator of the larger town is the only one that zones in an asymmetric equilibrium.     

Entropy in Spatial Aggregation

This paper introduces an approach to the measurement of locational phenomena in a spatial hierarchy using entropy statistics. A number of such statistics suitable for the study of spatial aggregation are derived, and each of these statistics is decomposed at different levels of the spatial hierarchy using principles of decomposition first applied by Theil. These decomposition statistics are compared with the variance analysis applied by Moellering and Tobler and with the spatial entropy measure suggested by Curry. The use of these statistics is then illustrated by data from the Reading subregion and New York City, and the paper is concluded with an analysis of a possible role for entropy and information in problems involving equal-area zoning.     

Empirical Zoning Distributions for Small Area Data

It is well established that using data summaries for a set of geographic areas or zones to estimate the parameters of a statistical model, commonly called ecological inference, frequently leads to the modifiable area unit problem (MAUP). In this article, the zoning effect of the MAUP is investigated for a range of scales. A zoning distribution is defined, and then used to characterize the zoning effect for parameter estimates from ecological analyses. Zone‐independent parameter estimates are obtained using the mean of the zoning distribution, and assessed using the variance of the zoning distribution. Zoning distributions are illustrated for parameter estimates from two ecological regression models at multiple scales using Australian National Health Survey data. For both a continuous response variable and a binary response variable, the empirical zoning distributions are unimodal, relatively symmetrical with appreciable variation, even when based on a large number of zones. The “ecological mean,” or expected value of the empirical zoning distribution at each scale, displays systematic variation with scale and the zoning distribution variance also depends on scale. The results demonstrate that the zoning effect should not be ignored, and the sensitivity of ecological analysis results to the analysis zones should be assessed.     

马韩古坟坟丘的区划盛土法

坟丘的区划盛土法是指在筑造坟丘时将其分成许多区域,由不同人力分别承担作业的筑造方式。为识别区划界限可设置异色粘土带、土囊列或排列石材作为标志物。坟丘的区划方向都是从坟丘中心呈放射状分布的,随着坟丘规模的扩大,区划数也在增多。中国春秋时期已使用区划盛土法这种技术,因而这种盛土方法应当是起源于中国。     

THE EFFECTS OF ZONING IN SPATIAL COMPETITION

ABSTRACT This paper considers a location model to illustrate the effect of zoning on competition. A planner is in charge of designing a city in a circular space where firms and consumers are located on different sides. With this type of market configuration, equilibrium in location under concave transport costs is proved. Then, a welfare function with different weights attached to consumer and firm surpluses is introduced to highlight zoning regulation as an influential competition policy tool. Depending on the regulator's political profiles and the demand, it is shown that zoning can lead to strong, weak, or moderate competition.     

The role of zoning in the strategic planning of protected areas: lessons learnt from EU countries and Serbia

This paper aims to highlight the problems and possibilities for improving the nature protection zoning of protected areas (PA) in spatial planning. It analyses and compares the systems of spatial planning and the legal basis for protecting nature in PAs in selected EU countries and Serbia. It investigates and compares the role of nature protection zoning and the practice of spatial planning for selected European countries. The case study of a national park in each of the selected countries is used to analyse the nature protection zoning and its role in the coordination of spatial planning for PAs and their surroundings. The initial hypothesis is tested and confirmed that, regardless of differences in the planning systems of the selected European countries, the models of nature protection zoning established for PAs are defining for the coordination of planning instruments in achieving the protection and sustainable development of PAs. The lessons learnt concern the identification of similarities and differences in approaches to nature protection zoning, and their relationship with the spatial planning for PAs in six European countries. Based on these lessons and existing research, recommendations are given for improving the legal basis for the nature protection zoning and spatial planning of PAs in Serbia.     

Zoning and Neighbourhood Change: the Annex in Toronto, 1900–1970

Most models of neighbourhood change envisage an insignificant role for zoning, whereas contemporary analyses of the politics of land use change treat it as a major means of controlling change. In the Annex neighbourhood, where zoning was potentially able to prevent all major land use changes after 1900, it proved to be only a minor influence, whether in its enforcement or through new zoning restrictions. In the long run, zoning and the political control of zoning responded to, rather than modified, the dominant economic and social forces which produced change in the neighbourhood.
La plupart des modèles de changement de quartier envisagent un rle peu important en ce qui concerne l'aménagement de tenitoire tandis que les analyses contemporaines de la politique du changement du développement des terrains le traitent comme un moyen principal de contrbler les changements. Dans le quartier Annex, après le début du siècle, l'aménagement du tenitoire aurait pu virtuellement empêcher tout changement en ce qui concemait le développement des terrains. Au contraire, l'aménagement du tenitoire n'est aujourd hui qu'une influence secondaire soit à cause de la manitre de son application soit h cause des nouvelles restrictions qu'il a entamées. En fin de compte, l'amknagement de temtoire aussi bien que son contrble politique ont suivi plutht que de modifier les forces économiques et sociales dominantes qui ont à leur tour produit des changements dans le quartier.     

LOW- AND MODERATE-INCOME HOUSING IN THE SUBURBS: THE MASSACHUSETTS "ANTI-SNOB ZONING" LAW EXPERIENCE

Can a state re-assertion of power to override local exclusionary zoning practices “open up” the suburbs for low and moderate income households? Such an approach, tried in Massachusetts over the last ten years, has had some notable, though limited results. Some 14,000 units of LMIH have been proposed under the innovative provisions of the Massachusetts “Anti-Snob Zoning” Law, but only about 3,600 have actually been built. The foremost factor limiting the impact of the law has been persistent resistance to it by suburbanites. While much suburban opposition undoubtably stems from racial prejudice and fears, some is based upon rational concern over the costs to local communities of providing services to the residents of subsidized housing. Offsetting these costs with state and/or federal subsidies could lower major barriers to the creation of more housing opportunities in the suburbs for low and moderate income persons.     

THE DETERMINANTS OF RESTRICTIVE RESIDENTIAL ZONING: SOME EMPIRICAL FINDINGS*

ABSTRACT. This study proposes, and finds evidence supporting, the hypothesis that restrictive residential land-use and minimum lot-size zoning are substitute ways of controlling the population intensity of future residential development. In addition, evidence is found linking externality, fiscal and exclusionary objectives to restrictive residential zoning.     

3D Digital Documentation,Assessment, and Damage Quantifi cation of the Al-Deir Monument in the Ancient City of Petra,Jordan

Abstract

The rock-cut monuments in the ancient city of Petra in Jordan form an outstanding tangible heritage site. Unfortunately, this important part of the world's cultural heritage is gradually being diminished due to weathering and erosion problems. In this research, an approach combining in situ surveying and laboratory analysis is applied in order to provide sufficient and comprehensive data regarding the documentation and evaluation of the status of the Al-Deir monument in Petra. The purpose was not only to quantify the damage, but also to make a first step towards creating a 3D monitoring programme of the deterioration rate. The approach presents a correlation study between the environmental condition and the surface weathering damage, using 2D mapping of the weathering form and accurate 3D realistic modelling from laser scanning and digital photogrammetry. The 2D mapping provides detailed weathering damage information for the entire stone surface of the monument, whereas the 3D modelling provides information on the spatial distribution and texture of the damage. Additionally, the 3D digital model can provide reference data as an exact guide to the restoration needed. In order to support the visual presentation of 3D surface details, a hybrid approach combining data from laser scanning and digital imagery was developed.

Studies of stone texture and spatial distribution of soluble salts were carried out at the monument in order to explain the mechanism of the weathering problem. Relative humidity, temperature, and wind are the main factors in the salt damage process. In order to study the effect of these conditions in the salt crystallization process a series of fieldwork investigations and laboratory work were undertaken. The results show that visible zoning of weathering damage is correlated to different salt concentrations.     

基于模糊关系识别的多要素空间离散化方法——以江苏阜宁人口与经济分析为例

社会、经济要素的空间离散化是精细化县级主体功能区划的重要需求,本文提出了一种基于模糊关系识别的空间数据离散化方法。该方法利用广义权距离实现对专家知识与多系统分层要素的综合集成,并通过建立待离散化要素与其影响指标的模糊关系识别模型,获得空间离散化权重。以2009年江苏省阜宁县人口、GDP以及经济发展水平的空间离散化为例进行实例分析。结果显示,本文提出的空间离散化方法具有较好的准确性与可信度,可较好揭示各影响要素对待离散要素的空间影响。     

LOCAL TAX BURDENS AND THE SUPPLY OF BUSINESS SITES IN SUBURBAN MUNICIPALITIES*

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.     

Teardowns,popups, and renovations: How does housing supply change?

Cities grow in layers over time. As population and land values increase, older, smaller buildings are replaced with higher density, higher value structures. However, direct costs of redevelopment and institutional barriers such as zoning may constrain replacement of older structures, leading to alternate forms of supply adjustment. In this paper, I use data on building permits in Washington DC to examine three different forms of residential investment: new construction, expansion of existing structures, and renovation. Results suggest that new construction accounts for a relatively small part of residential investment and is highly concentrated in a few neighborhoods. Expansions and alterations of existing structures are more frequent and more evenly dispersed across space. Recent increases in housing values are correlated with more new construction, but only among neighborhoods with relatively more permissive zoning. Additions and alterations are more prevalent in neighborhoods with high property values, older housing, and more restrictive zoning.     

On Geocomputational Determinants of Entropic Variations for Urban Dynamics Studies

Monitoring population characteristics and their patterns of spatial evolution are fundamental components for urban management and policy decision‐making. Societal issues such as health, transport, or crime are often explored using a range of models describing the urban dynamics of population attributes at specific scales that can be seen as complementary. Using and simulating data at different scales of aggregation asks for the need to analyze and compare spatiotemporal variations in order to better understand the model behaviors and emerging properties of the geosimulation. This article analyzes the uses of the entropy measure in the literature and constraining factors needed for its potential extension to explore the variations in geographic and time scales. In particular, the article discusses the need for a truly spatial entropy that takes into account the spatial contiguities of the observations usually aggregated within a zoning system of areal units. Two generic solutions are exposed for the various geometries and attribute structures used for census‐related analyses; they are based on existing measures for point data using (i) co‐occurrences of observations and (ii) discriminant ratios of distances between groups of observations. Their extensions to areal compositional data are articulated around their conceptual changes and geocomputational challenges. A revisited and new version of the entropy decomposition theorem, encompassing a spatiality concept semantically related to correlation, is also presented as efficiently reusing the constrained hierarchical zoning system of administrative units to enable discovery of emerging spatial pattern features from the geosimulation. A comparison of the results between the classical use of entropy and the spatial entropy framework devised shows the flexibility and added capabilities of the approach for new types of analyses, thus allowing new insight into studies of population dynamics.     

旅游城市住宅市场负外部性及其矫正策略研究

旅游业与包括住宅产业在内的房地产业之间存在着显著的正外部效应。这使得旅游房地产成为旅游城市发展经济的一个重要推动力。然而,随着国内旅游房地产开发的热度不断提升,旅游业对旅游城市住宅市场的负外部效应也日益凸显。西方学者的研究表明这些负外部效应主要源自为发展旅游业而实施的较严格的控制性规划以及旅游地产开发带来的第二住宅现象。特别是第二住宅已经成为导致我国部分旅游城市住宅市场失衡的重要诱因。为了保障本地居民的居住需求,促进旅游业与旅游城市经济、社会的和谐和可持续发展,政府应当采取必要的手段矫正旅游房地产开发对本地住宅市场的负外部性。     

THE EFFECT OF LAND‐USE CONTROLS ON THE SPATIAL SIZE OF U.S. URBANIZED AREAS*

ABSTRACT On a sample of U.S. urbanized areas in 2000, we test theoretical hypotheses of the effect of land‐use controls on the spatial size of urban areas. We find that minimum lot‐size zoning and maximum FAR restrictions expand the urban area, while maximum lot‐size zoning, urban growth boundaries, minimum square footage limits, maximum building permit restrictions, minimum person per room controls, and impact fees contract the urban area. All of these findings are consistent with theoretical predictions although the effect of urban growth boundaries and minimum square footage limits are not statistically significant.     

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE SEISMIC HAZARD ZONING OF PESHAWAR AND ADJOINING AREAS

Many of the structural engineers in Pakistan refer to the UBC code for the design of aseismic structures. On the seismic zones of international cities, the UBC code 1997 has placed Peshawar in the most severe earthquake Zone 4 similar to the high earthquake prone cities of California, Alaska, Japan, Chile, Taiwan or Turkey. These places have suffered some of the most destructive earthquakes of the past. The earthquake history of Peshawar, however, does not inform us about moderate devastation. Moreover work done on the seismic zoning of Pakistan by different national and international agencies and independent researchers present widely conflicting pictures of the seismic hazard of Peshawar. This paper critically reviews almost all of the published work done on seismic zoning, in the light of the locally available data, geology, tectonics and earthquake history of Peshawar.     

中国文物保护单位的空间分布特征

当前我国正在开展的地域主体功能区规划等相关工作中关于文化遗产保护的内容涉及甚少。在中国复杂多样的自然与人文背景条件下弄清文化遗产的空间相似性与差异性等特征,是面向未来"文化遗产保护区划"划定的重要基础性工作。本文以国家公布的国家级、省级与市县级文物保护单位为数据基础,从历史时期与类型两个角度对国家各级文物保护单位的聚集密度进行分析,并与中国自然地理区域与文化地理区域相结合,阐释中国文物保护单位的空间分布特征。