罗马天主教语境中的美国历史和民族——奥雷斯蒂斯·布朗森论移民的美国化

移民通过美国化 (Americanization)融入主流社会这一现象通常被看成是美国生活最成功的一个方面。到 2 0世纪 60年代 ,文化多元主义的倾向又使得一些美国学者和政治家提出 ,“熔炉”现象其实并不存在 ,美国社会各族群之间从来都有鲜明的界限。这种思想倾向在一定程度上模糊了美国主流社会历来大力提倡移民全盘美国化这一至今并未改变的事实。美国人自己对移民美国化问题的认识构成思想史上一个有趣的片段 ,其中奥雷斯蒂斯·布朗森对 1 9世纪天主教移民美国化所发表的见解是美国文化的重要遗产。其核心内容是 :移民应该认同美国宪法 ,参与民主政治 ,对激进的社会变革和意识形态持怀疑态度 ,以天主教信仰促进民主和公民意识的养成。     

文化视野下的法国骚乱及其启示

2005年法国发生了一场因外来移民不幸触电身亡而引发的席卷全国甚至波及到邻国的骚乱。文章认为,这场骚乱并不是穆斯林移民与法国本土居民之间的种族冲突,而是外来移民文化与主流的法兰西文化间出现的隔阂,尤其是阿拉伯移民所带来的伊斯兰文化与法国政府奉行的以同化移民为主要目标的“共和模式”理念之间产生的矛盾及其后果的显现;只有明确在一个国家内部各种文化所拥有权利的合理限度以及多元文化政策的适用范围,并在此基础上通过主流文化与移民文化的相互调适、磨合,使非主流文化融合到主流文化中,才能消弭这种移民文化与移民所在国主流文化之间的隔阂,进而维持国家的统一认同与社会的和谐。     

强制爱国:“百分之百美国主义”下的德裔移民

第一次世界大战前期,德裔移民对母国的支持招致了美国主流社会的普遍反感,由"模范族裔"转变为潜在的乃至可见的威胁群体。极端移民族裔同化理论"百分之百美国主义"应时而生,并获得美国民众的广泛支持。作为其实践的"百分之百美国化"运动直接而彻底地指向了德裔移民。在这一进程中,德裔移民的宪法权利不但遭到无视,甚至连基本的人权也被践踏,美国的德国文化因此遭受重创。这也说明,在一向标榜自由和民主价值观的美国,其公民权利还是存在很大的相对性和局限性。     

加拿大多元文化主义困境

加拿大是一个具有多元文化特征的主要由移民建立的国家,也正因为如此,加拿大政府自20世纪七十年代起推行多元文化主义的国家政策,但是加拿大多元文化主义却遭遇政策矛盾、国家认同、民主质疑以及种族歧视严重等多重问题.故此如今,加拿大多元文化主义已进退帷幄,陷入了困境。     

多元文化主义在澳大利亚的引进与发展

澳大利亚于1973年从加拿大引进多元文化主义政策处理移民问题。在三十多年的发展中,经历了平等-自由-管理三个阶段的演变,逐步完善。其社会和谐、文化认同、机会平等、责任平等基本原则和核心成分已被广泛接受。并被落实到社会生活的各个方面,成为澳大利亚文化和民族成分不可或缺的部分。     

跟着奈保尔读多元文化主义：a half-told story

多元文化主义有两个核心理念：保障不同文化和种族之间的平等以及保护和发展文化、种族的多样性。2001年10月11日,具有三重文化背景（印度文化、前殖民地文化和英国文化）的移民作家维.苏.奈保尔获得诺贝尔文学奖。这一事件似乎证明多元文化主义正在文学领域得到有效实践。然而这只是故事的一半,另一半才是真相：无论是奈保尔的获奖还是他本人的作品都是对多元文化主义的巨大讽刺。在现阶段,由于殖民统治的深远影响,上述两个理念根本不可能实现。此外＂,多元文化＂只是旗号而已＂,政治统一＂才是多元文化主义的真实意图。     

论早期东欧犹太移民在美国的文化适应

从19世纪80年代开始一直到第一次世界大战初期,东欧犹太人为逃避俄国及其周边国家的反犹迫害,大举迁居美国。他们在迁居美国的初期,大多居住在“犹太城”中,固守犹太文化传统。持“盎格鲁遵从论”的强制同化主义者、推崇“熔炉论”的温和同化主义者和已经融入美国主流社会的来自德国的犹太人采取不同策略,以同化来自东欧的犹太移民（以下简称“东欧犹太移民”）,试图消除后者带来的异质文化对美国主流文化的冲击。面对这些同化压力,东欧犹太移民有何反应？他们是否最终完全同化于美国社会？他们走过一条怎样的文化适应之路？本文尝试做出解答。     

美国主流社会对东、南欧女性移民的负面认知与社会改革（1880-1920）

19世纪末20世纪初,美国迎来了史无前例的东、南欧女性移民潮。然而,东、南欧女性移民在外形、语言、宗教、生活方式等各个方面都表现出了相异于西、北欧老移民的特征,因而遭到美国主流社会的敌视与排斥。女性移民进入就业领域更是严重违背了美国主流社会的女性观念。为了解决女性移民所面临的困境并助其融入美国社会,美国中产阶级发起了以女性移民回归家庭为核心的改革,旨在让女性移民接受美国主流社会家庭理念和生活方式。然而,改革者并未深入了解女性移民的社会文化和现实需求,使得相关改革具有明显的局限性,并没有发挥其所期望的效果。     

多元文化主义与美国新史学

多元文化主义在美国的兴起具有多方面的因素,而上世纪60年代的民权运动无疑是当地多元文化主义兴起的直接历史背景。多元文化主义影响下的美国史学工作者认为,美国历史和传统是多种民族或族裔共同经历相互作用的结果。但是,对美国历史的多元文化解构,也在一定程度上对美国史学产生负面影响。整个美国社会对美国历史的认知也在上世纪八九十年代引起了广泛的争论。     

中世纪晚期法国的城市移民与社会融合

移民在城市人口中的比例大幅增长是中世纪晚期法国城市人口结构的重要特征。移民的流入及其对城市社会的良好融入构成了法国城市社会克服中世纪晚期危机的重要条件。移民融入城市社会的路径有两种:第一,市政权力机构筛选出部分移民,授予他们市民身份,将他们纳入市民共同体;第二,移民自发、自主地构建多元的社会关系,并以个人道德为基础与其他居民开展社会交往,相互融合。这两种路径相互补充,推动法国城市社会吸纳多元移民并在近代实现复兴。相较而言,社会融合是所有移民融入城市社会的必经之路,反映了移民群体在融入城市社会过程中的主动性和自主性,在城市吸纳移民的机制中发挥了更为重要的作用,是中世纪法国城市社会实现自我更新和可持续发展的关键。     

Secularization of immigration policy vs. religion's influence on integration: Israel's non‐Jewish Jews' immigration in a comparative perspective

This article deals with the complex relationship between religion and immigration in Western countries, with an emphasis on Israel. The main argument it presents is that the legal procedures of immigration, i.e. laws relating to the acquisition of civil status, have undergone dramatic secularization, while religion's influence is expressed in the social and cultural aspects of the integration of immigrants belonging to religious minorities. This division reinforces the classical theory of secularization, as the formal boundaries of nations are not subject to religious affiliations, but it also supports the theories of competition and complementation between religion and secularism in the social sphere. The tension in the Israeli case between the immigration, naturalization and integration of non‐Jewish Jews, who are part of the extended Jewish population that is not defined by religious parameters, confirms this thesis. The immigration of hundreds of thousands of non‐Jewish Jews' under the Law of Return based on ethno‐national‐secular parameters is an ultimate expression of the secularization of Jewish nationality. On the other hand, the state's encouragement of non‐Jewish immigrants to convert to Judaism so that they can better assimilate into Jewish society signifies the importance of religion in the social integration aspect.     

欧盟国家的移民问题与移民政策

二战结束以来,欧洲由传统的移民迁出地逐渐转变为移民迁入地,尤其是欧盟国家成为大批永久性移民的目的地之一。大量外来移民的涌入,对欧盟国家的政治、经济、社会、文化产生了深远的影响,致使移民问题成为困扰欧盟国家的一大难题。欧盟国家对移民的接收与拒绝、容纳与排斥的矛盾心态构成了其移民政策的基础。     

从东南亚华人看文化交流与融合

本文以中国在东南亚的移民及其后裔的文化认同变化为例,说明在多民族社会中,不同民族文化之间的相互接触和交流是不可避免的,这种交流将促进不同文化间的逐渐融合。不论华人祖籍国政府或华人居住国政府采取何种政策,都无法阻断这一交流和融合的趋势。因此,企图强制消灭华人的文化传统或要求海外华人永远保持对中华文化认同的单一性或纯粹性,都是不现实的。     

扼制还是纵容？——浅析美国移民制度对中国非法移民的影响

在过去的二三十年间,中国非法移民已成为美国华人社会一个日益严重的社会问题,它同时也引起美国政客和社会学家的关注.为什么在美国政府制定了一系列移民政策以阻止非法移民进入美国的同时,非法移民潮却始终禁而不绝?本文选取美国移民政策中的两大法令--政治庇护制度和雇主制裁条例,以说明美国移民制度中存在的一些漏洞及自相矛盾之处,这些对非法移民特别是中国非法移民的形成与发展产生了重要影响.     

近代旅美华侨华人与中美文化的双向交流

鸦片战争强制性地拉开了中西文化交流的序幕。1848年以后,随着北美至中国航线的开通,一部分居住在珠江三角洲的广东人在多种原因的驱使下,远渡重洋来到北美。在美国西部形成了一个又一个的华侨华人社区,使中国的古老文明渐次播散到美国西部各州。随着北美华侨华人的不断扩展,不同类型的华侨华人在不同的领域里(商业、建筑、科技教育、宗教伦理、风俗习惯等许多文化领域里)对中华传统文化进行了被动和主动传播。被动的传播形成了美国多元文化的文化飞地,主动的传播使中国传统文化在美国文化的大熔炉里形成了一种鲜明的、交叉式的边缘文化。文化的传播是一个双向互动的过程。随着大批旅美华侨华人陆续返回故乡,他们也把西方文明带回侨乡。它们与本土文化发生碰撞、冲突、融合,从而在珠江三角洲一带的侨乡形成了新鲜的、西方式的边缘文化。     

Not just civic or ethnic,but mostly cultural: Conceptions of national identity and opinions about immigration in Quebec

It is well documented that individuals' conceptions of national identity influence their opinions about immigration. The most well-known ideal types to capture conceptions of national identity are the civic and ethnic conceptions. Yet, this dichotomy does not reflect contemporary debates about immigration, which are framed in cultural terms. Scholars have thus proposed a cultural conception of national identity. The relationship between this conception and immigration, however, remains contested. Using an innovative approach to studying public opinion, this research analyses qualitative interviews conducted with individuals from the general public to investigate how each conception of national identity influences opinions about immigration in the context of Quebec, Canada. It shows that the cultural conception of national identity is related to both positive and negative opinions about immigration. This is explained by an evaluation mechanism whereby individuals evaluate if immigrants are included or excluded from the national group based on their (non)conformity to specific markers of identity. This evaluation is subjective and is often informed and substantiated by mediatised information about immigration-related issues.     

移民外来文化的土著化过程--以西南三线厂的"厂文化"为例

由于三线工厂的建设而产生的以人口大规模迁移为基本特征的化传播与化改造,是移民外来化逐步土化过程的一个重要例证。“厂化”具有以下三个方面的特点：化孤岛特征;厂际化差异;厂内化差异。从“厂化”的特点可以看出“厂化”的发展趋势必然是最终完成土化。虽然“化惯性”的存在在一定程度上延缓了土化的过程,但代际之间的寅化遗失和在交流中出现的化趋同所形成的合力决定了这一结果不可逆转。     

Liberal nationalism and Central American refugees: What is America's national responsibility?

In an era of unprecedented numbers of migrants from the global south to the global north, nationalism has become synonymous with liberal states' ethnocentric, xenophobic, and racist immigration policies. The Trump administration's treatment of Central American refugees has been taken as a prime example. By focusing on liberal cultural nationalism, this paper demonstrates that these prevailing perceptions about nationalism are unfounded. Although liberal cultural nationalism has been accused of endorsing restrictive immigration policies, the degree to which liberal cultural nationalism's immigration policies are restrictive is context dependent; under certain circumstances, liberal nationalism may call for relaxing immigration policies to admit certain types of immigrants by invoking the idea of national responsibility. Consequently, liberal cultural nationalism offers one of the strongest liberal arguments for admitting certain kinds of migrants from the global south. The Central American refugee crisis at the U.S. southern border is analysed as a case study to illustrate this.     

Inequality and attitudes toward immigration: the native-immigrant gap in Australia

ABSTRACT

How does local economic inequality affect the native-immigrant gap in immigration attitudes? Existing studies do not distinguish between native and immigrant citizens, which is problematic because immigrants represent an increasing share of the population and voting public. Immigrant citizens, as legal residents, receive the same legal and social protections as native citizens. However, as an out-group, they are less likely to be attached to the national and cultural identity of a host country. This paper uses the Australian Election Study to show that immigrant citizens prioritise cultural or psychological considerations in forming immigration attitudes. As local economic inequality rises, immigrant citizens’ support for immigration strengthens regardless of their country of origin, reason for migration and length of stay in Australia.     

Integration and the negotiation of ‘here’ and ‘there’: the case of British Arab activists

Immigrant-receiving societies are increasingly emphasizing the need for immigrants to integrate into mainstream life. In Britain, this trend has manifested itself in ‘social cohesion’ discourses and policies. Discussions about social cohesion have often focused on the residential patterns of immigrant and minority groups in British cities, with the assumption that residential patterns are an indication of social integration. Integration, however, is also a socio-political process by which dominant and subordinate groups negotiate the terms of social membership. We explore the ways in which British Arab activists conceptualize their membership in and responsibilities to their places of settlement; we also consider how they reconcile notions of integration with their connections to their places of origin. Our study participants speak of the need for immigrants to participate actively in their society of settlement, but they reject the idea that integration requires cultural conformity or exclusive loyalty to Britain. Their definition of integration as a dialogue between distinctive but equal groups sharing a given place provides a normative alternative to social cohesion discourses.