Multiple Glaciation of the Upper Franklin Valley,Western Tasmania Wilderness World Heritage Area

Part of an extensive ice cap that developed in the Tasmanian Central Highlands during the late Cainozoic discharged southwards into the valley of the Franklin River and its upper tributaries where it merged with smaller glaciers that accumulated behind local snowfences. Glacial landforms and sediments in the now heavily forested valleys indicate that at least three and possibly as many as six glaciations took place. The earliest and most extensive glaciation occurred during the Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene. At this time ice extended at least 27km down the Franklin Valley and covered at least 326km² of the study area. This ice was confluent with glaciers in the West Coast Range to the west and in the Derwent Valley to the east Such confluence offers the possibility of better correlation of glacial events between western Tasmania and the Central Highlands. The smallest and most recent glaciation occurred during the late Last Glacial Stage when the Franklin Glacier did not exceed 12km in length. The glaciers were characterised by high rates of mass throughput and were of temperate maritime type.     

Non-destructive Provenancing of Ground-Edged Mafic Artifacts: A Holocene Case Study from the Sydney Basin,Australia

Ground-edged artifacts were an important part of the Australian Aboriginal toolkit. They had practical day-to-day uses, but some had symbolic and social values that led to their movement across great distances. Australian provenance studies document long-distance Aboriginal exchange systems extending over hundreds of kilometers. The size and complexity of exchange systems and social networks were contingent upon resources and the productivity of a region's environment. Along the fertile, well-watered lands east of the Great Dividing Range, movement of objects may have been geographically more circumscribed than in drier areas to the west. One hundred and twenty-one mafic, ground-edged artifacts from the New South Wales (NSW) Central Coast and 368 geological specimens from potential sources were non-destructively analyzed by portable X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results indicate the existence of a well-used basalt source within the region at Peats Ridge-Popran Creek as well as multiple local and non-local sources up to 430?km from Mangrove Mountain on the NSW Central Coast.     

Salinity structure of the central North Slope foreland basin, Alaska, USA: implications for pathways of past and present topographically driven regional fluid flow

Previous studies of the areal variation in heat flow in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) support the existence of an active topographically driven regional fluid flow regime in this central part of the North Slope foreland basin. Drilling records and wireline logs for over 30 wells drilled in the NPRA provide additional field information, which can be used to further constrain interpretation of the pattern of regional flow of basinal waters within the NPRA. Hydraulic heads estimated from drilling mud weights show that ground water flow occurs generally from south to north, but with divergence to the north‐east and north‐west away from the central part of the NPRA towards coastal areas of elevated shallow heat flow. Salinities calculated from SP logs range from less than 1 g L^?1, to marine values of 35 g L^?1, to hypersaline values of over 150 g L^?1. The entire upper sedimentary section to a depth of 2 km or more in the eastern part of the NPRA has been preferentially flushed with meteoric water through an area corresponding to the sandiest portion of the Nanushuk group. Deeper areas of low salinity occur within the Sadlerochit and Lisburne sections. The pattern of regional flow in the east is complicated, however, by the presence of a large mass of hypersaline water at depth. It is not known whether these brines are being displaced laterally and upward towards the discharge end of the basin or whether fresher waters are simply riding up over the top. Deep, hypersaline waters also occur in fault slices in the Brooks Range and have survived meteoric flushing. The brines were probably formed at the time of deposition of the Lisburne carbonates. The fluid flow regime to the west is different. Low‐salinity waters may be flowing northward underneath this section through the Ellesmerian section and discharging upward nearer the coast. However, sparse well log control severely limits what can be deduced about the details of flow paths in the central and western parts of the NPRA.     

Where East Meets West: The Formative in Mexico’s Central Highlands

Mexico’s Central Highlands form one of Mesoamerica’s fundamental cultural seams, a point of overlap between two traditions, one to the east and the other to the west. Although this area is usually included in the west, it can be more productively viewed as an interface, the physical space where people, goods, and ideas passed from one side to the other, and thus it holds many keys for our understanding of emerging social complexity in Mesoamerica. In reviewing the last two decades of Formative period (1500 BC–AD 100) research in this crucial territory, we focus on themes that reveal the variation and dynamism of interregional interaction, including the formation of regional traditions, exchange systems, and foreign “influence,” and others that help contextualize the events and processes of that time, like household studies and environmental degradation. We stress that this part of Mexico is undergoing relentless development so time is of the essence if we are to broaden our perspectives on social evolution in the Central Highlands. This issue cannot be resolved by rescue and salvage work because it requires long-term, interdisciplinary projects to unravel multifaceted problems.     

Late Cambrian (Iverian,Jiangshanian) fossils from the Professor Range area,Western Tasmania

Abstract

Late Cambrian (Iverian, Jiangshanian) agnostoids and trilobites are described from two localities in the Professor Range area of western Tasmania. The fossils occur within a thick folded flysch succession of siltstone, mudstone, quartzwacke sandstone and siliceous conglomerate that forms the lower part of the Owen Group correlatives in this area. The flysch succession has a conformable and probable gradational contact with the underlying Mt Read Volcanics and is abruptly overlain by the siliceous pebble-cobble conglomerate correlated with the Middle Owen Conglomerate of the West Coast Range. The stratigraphically lower southern locality contains the agnostoids Pseudagnostus sp. and Agnostinae gen. et sp. indet. plus the polymerid trilobites Parabolina sp., Hedinaspis sp. cf. H. regalis and Eugonocare sp. The northern locality contains the agnostoids Rhaptagnostus sp. and Pseudagnostus sp. plus the polymerid trilobites Hedinaspis sp. cf. H. regalis, Ketyna? sp. 1, Ketyna? sp. 2, and Cermatops sp. It is possible that most specimens of the cosmopolitan genus Hedinaspis belong in the type species, H. regalis.

Christopher J. Bentley [bigfossil@bigpond.com], 30 Albert Street, Clare SA 5453; James B. Jago [jim.jago@unisa.edu.au], University of South Australia, School of Natural and Built Environment, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095; Keith D. Corbett [keith.corbett@bigpond.com], 35 Pillinger Drive, Fern Tree Tas 7054, Australia.     

STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AND DIET IN EASTERN OKLAHOMA

Abstract

Over the last three decades, significant quantitative information on prehistoric diets has come to light from a variety of locations in the Caddoan archaeological area, a region encompassing eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast Texas, and northwest Louisiana. Most of this research is based on macro-botanical and faunal remains analysis. As an additional line of evidence for the growing body of botanical and faunal data, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in bone collagen were analyzed from 82 human and faunal samples from the Arkansas basin and Ozark Highlands in eastern Oklahoma. The research investigates the role of maize in diets through time and across sex and status dimensions. Spanning six phases, within the time range 300 B.C. to A.D. 1650, mean δ¹³C values increase from –19.2 to –12.7 parts per million ‰. Although present prior to A.D. 1000 substantial increases in the use of maize do not begin until the Harlan phase (A.D. 1050–1250). Even with increased use, maize never dominates the diet to the extent seen in Mississippian period sites farther east.     

Legitimacy,Honor, and Sexuality in Colonial South America

Long, Norman, and Bryan Roberts. Miners, Peasants and Entrepreneurs: Regional Development in the Central Highlands of Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. ix + 288 pp. including maps, bibliography, and index. $49.50 cloth.

Figueroa, Adolfo. Capitalist Development and the Peasant Economy in Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. xii + 140 pp. including maps, bibliography, appendices, and index. $29.95 cloth.     

Military Curfew, Race-Based Internment, and Mr. Justice Rutledge

The story is well known. A few months after Pearl Harbor, a curfew was imposed on West Coast residents of Japanese ancestry, including American citizens. Then they were confined at internment camps around the country. This tragic episode continues to generate scrutiny, including three new books last year. ¹ But there is at least one story, as yet untold, that will be of particular interest to students of the Supreme Court. Why did Justice Wiley Rutledge, the Court's newest member, who was known for his unyielding allegiance to civil liberties, join the majority in allowing internment?     

A Peaty-debris Flow in Glen Docherty,Wester Ross

Glen Docherty has a long history of debris flow activity along the glen’s north east slope, but in early August 2015 a peaty-debris flow was triggered on the glen’s south west slope, involving an initial slide volume of 190?m³ debris/peat, of which 89?m³ consisted of peat. The flow merited study due to (a) its unusual location relative to debris flow activity affecting the rest of the glen, (b) the volume of peat involved and its effect on flow behaviour, (c) the role of immediate post-debris flow fluvial activity and (d) later responses to the event including subsequent weathering, fluvial activity and the potential for debris flow reactivation.     

Andean social stratification from within

Mallon, Florencia E. The Defense of Community in Peru's Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860–1940. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. xiv + 384 pp. including maps, glossary, bibliography, appendices, index. $32.50 cloth, $14.50 paper.     

The Tiby Hagen Collection at the Archives of New Caledonia∗

Abstract

The intensive exploration of West New Guinea started in the early years of this century. It was interrupted by World War I and resumed afterwards. Apart from a large scale programme undertaken by the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies, it included expeditions by British and German explorers. Many among them were scholars who investigated the local populations, fauna, geography, and geology, with a view to the colonial valorisation of the area.

Several of the expeditions aimed at exploring the Central Highlands and thus encountered Highlanders. Unfortunately, little is known about the reactions of these people to meeting Europeans, and more about reactions of Europeans to meeting Highlanders. The content of the paper reflects this discrepancy.     

REVIEWS

Storytracking. Text, stories, and histories in Central Australia. By Sam D Gill . Reason and Passion. Representations of gender in a Malay society. By Michael G. Peletz . They Make Themselves: Work and Play among the Baining of Papua New Guinea By Jane Fajans . Rethinking Visual Anthropology Edited by Marcus Banks and Howard Morphy . Not Even Wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman and the Samoans. By Martin Orans . Anyan's Story. A New Guinea Woman in Two Worlds. By Virginia Watson . Simbu Plant-Lore: Plants used by the People in the Central Highlands of New Guinea By Joachim Sterly . Vernacular Christianity Among the Mulia Dani: An Ethnography of Religious Belief Among the Western Dani of Irian Jaya. Indonesia. By Douglas James Hayward .     

Molluscan death assemblages from uplifted Holocene terraces,Mahia Peninsula,New Zealand,interpreted from present-day intertidal ecology

Beu, A.G., August 2016. Molluscan death assemblages from uplifted Holocene terraces, Mahia Peninsula, New Zealand, interpreted from present-day intertidal ecology. Alcheringa 41, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

Macrofossils from cover beds of marine terraces at Table Cape, Mahia Peninsula, uplifted coseismically ca 250, 1400, 1850 and 3500 years ago are compared with the fauna living on the nearby 200-m-wide intertidal rock platform. The inner platform is dry at low tide, apart from shallow pools containing Diloma aethiops and abundant but unexpected specimens of Zeacumantus subcarinatus and Cominella glandiformis exposed to the sun; all are common fossils in the terrace cover beds. The outer platform is carpeted densely with the alga Hormosira and shelters a diverse fauna, again all common fossils in the terrace cover beds. Sand and gravel containing shell fragments and supporting Zostera sea-grass turf unexpectedly covers ca 5% of the platform in low areas along the east coast. The fossil fauna is listed from 47 samples from two trenches excavated east–west and north–south through the terrace cover beds. Death assemblages of 158 molluscs, including 24 new records as fossils, and 11 taxa in other phyla delimit sediment derived from four shell accumulation sites identified around the present cape: storm beach, high-tidal strand line, hollows in the rock platform and Zostera flats. Up to 32 of the 47 samples (68%) possibly were deposited in Zostera flats; the rest were sand beach accumulations deposited at and near the high-tidal strand line. All fossils common in the cover beds lived on the rock platform. Differences between the deposits in the two trenches result from two factors. Protection along the east coast by protruding tephra beds and an outer rampart armoured with the macroalga Durvillaea prevented erosion of Zostera-supporting sediment which, therefore, was retained after each uplift event. The exposed eastern position of Table Cape also caused sediment to be transported predominantly westwards, onshore on the east coast but away from Table Cape along the north coast.

A.G. Beu [a.beu@gns.cri.nz], Paleontology Department, GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.     

Practical surveying in schools

Analysis of detailed geomorphological mapping enables a sequence of glacial events to be established. An ice sheet whose source was to the west of the area of study is shown, by the suites of fluvioglacial landforms produced, to have down‐wasted in situ; meltwaters escaped beneath or through the ice, moving uphill across certain areas. Finally, a sub‐aerial drainage system was established and outwash terraces were spread down valley.     

河南内黄三杨庄汉代聚落遗址第二处庭院发掘简报

自2003年下半年至今,河南省文物考古研究所对位于河南省内黄县梁庄镇的三杨庄汉代聚落遗址进行了持续的考古发掘工作。目前共发现10余处汉代庭院遗存,其中第二处庭院坐北朝南,由水井、南大门、西门房、东西厢房、主房、厕所,以及院落西侧的池塘等部分组成,同时还在庭院的东、北、西三面发现有垄作农田遗迹。这是一处保存完整的两汉之际的普通民居遗存。     

Italian masculinities

Abstract

After both world wars Italy struggled to have territories in the Upper Adriatic, among them the port city of Trieste, included within its national borders. Italy’s hopes to utilize Trieste as a barrier against incursion from the east and the city’s symbolic importance as an outpost for the defense of italianità are well known, but the city’s role as a conduit to former Habsburg provinces in Central Europe remains overlooked. In fact, regional associations with Mitteleuropa, seen by those on the peninsula as indications that the city was distant or foreign, formed one facet of a regional identity which proved compatible with national expectations. From annexation in 1918, the competing visions of Trieste as a bulwark against the east and as a junction in Central Europe shaped local identity and carved a niche for the city within the national framework.     

A late Devensian Nunatak on the Knoydart peninsula,NW Scotland: Implications for ice‐sheet reconstruction

Geomorphological mapping and analysis of soil mineralogy indicates that all summits on the Knoydart Peninsula were over‐ridden by the last ice sheet apart from Ladhar Bheinn (1020 m), where the ice attained a maximum altitude of c. 950 m. This figure is consistent with evidence from adjacent areas and suggests that the last ice sheet descended westwards across Knoydart from c. 1000 m to c. 900 at the west coast, implying that most theoretically‐based ice‐sheet models are substantially in error in this area.     

The Hayworth: A Lowland Vaccary Site in South-East England

REMAINS OF AN 11th–13th-century farmstead were revealed during excavations within part of ‘The Hayworth’, an early enclosure on the ‘lost’ manor of Trubwick, (West Sussex).²² This work was undertaken by Archaeology South-East (UCL Institute of Archaeology), on behalf of their client Crest Nicholson (South) Ltd, as a condition of planning in advance of a residential development linked to the new ‘Bolnore Village’ close to Haywards Heath, West Sussex.View all notesHistorical, landscape and toponymic evidence has been utilised to set the archaeological activity in context. It seems probable that the excavated site, and the Hayworth enclosure more broadly, relate to a specialised cattle rearing or vaccary farm. The site represents the most completely excavated vaccary complex yet known, and is the first recognisable example from the Wealden region in south-east England. The discovery has important implications for our current understanding of medieval Wealden economy and environment, as well as patterns of settlement evolution. Evidence suggests this site can be linked with the traditions of Anglo-Saxon outpasture and transhumance. This article explores the evidence from this site for the transition from a seasonal pasture to a permanent 12th-century manorial establishment held in severalty. The likely form of a vaccary complex is established and the potential for the existence of these specialised cattle ‘ranches’ and dairies is explored.     

Islamology,political science and history

ARABIC THOUGHT IN THE LIBERAL AGE 1798–1939. Albert Hourani. O.U.P., 1962.

THE INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF EGYPTIAN NATIONALISM, J. M. Ahmed. O.U.P., 1960.

AHMADIYYAH (A Study in Contemporary Islam on the West African Coast). Humphrey J. Fisher. O.U.P., 1963.     

Interpretation of observed fluid potential patterns in a deep sedimentary basin under tectonic compression: Hungarian Great Plain, Pannonian Basin

The ≈ 40 000 km² Hungarian Great Plain portion of the Pannonian Basin consists of a basin fill of 100 m to more than 7000 m thick semi‐ to unconsolidated marine, deltaic, lacustrine and fluviatile clastic sediments of Neogene age, resting on a strongly tectonized Pre‐Neogene basement of horst‐and‐graben topography of a relief in excess of 5000 m. The basement is built of a great variety of brittle rocks, including flysch, carbonates and metamorphics. The relatively continuous Endr?d Aquitard, with a permeability of less than 1 md (10^?15 m²) and a depth varying between 500 and 5000 m, divides the basin's rock framework into upper and lower sequences of highly permeable rock units, whose permeabilities range from a few tens to several thousands of millidarcy. Subsurface fluid potential and flow fields were inferred from 16 192 water level and pore pressure measurements using three methods of representation: pressure–elevation profiles; hydraulic head maps; and hydraulic cross‐sections. Pressure–elevation profiles were constructed for eight areas. Typically, they start from the surface with a straight‐line segment of a hydrostatic gradient (γ_st = 9.8067 MPa km^?1) and extend to depths of 1400–2500 m. At high surface elevations, the gradient is slightly smaller than hydrostatic, while at low elevations it is slightly greater. At greater depths, both the pressures and their vertical gradients are uniformly superhydrostatic. The transition to the overpressured depths may be gradual, with a gradient of γ_dyn = 10–15 MPa km^?1 over a vertical distance of 400–1000 m, or abrupt, with a pressure jump of up to 10 MPa km^?1 over less than 100 m and a gradient of γ_dyn > 20 MPa km^?1. According to the hydraulic head maps for 13 100–500 m thick horizontal slices of the rock framework, the fluid potential in the near‐surface domains declines with depth beneath positive topographic features, but it increases beneath depressions. The approximate boundary between these hydraulically contrasting regions is the 100 m elevation contour line in the Duna–Tisza interfluve, and the 100–110 m contours in the Nyírség uplands. Below depths of ≈ 600 m, islets of superhydrostatic heads develop which grow in number, areal extent and height as the depth increases; hydraulic heads may exceed 3000 m locally. A hydraulic head ‘escarpment’ appears gradually in the elevation range of ? 1000 to ? 2800 m along an arcuate line which tracks a major regional fault zone striking NE–SW: heads drop stepwise by several hundred metres, at places 2000 m, from its north and west sides to the south and east. The escarpment forms a ‘fluid potential bank’ between a ‘fluid potential highland’ (500–2500 m) to the north and west, and a ‘fluid potential basin’ (100–500 m) to the south and east. A ‘potential island’ rises 1000 m high above this basin further south. According to four vertical hydraulic sections, groundwater flow is controlled by the topography in the upper 200–1700 m of the basin; the driving force is orientated downwards beneath the highlands and upwards beneath the lowlands. However, it is directed uniformly upwards at greater depths. The transition between the two regimes may be gradual or abrupt, as indicated by wide or dense spacing of the hydraulic head contours, respectively. Pressure ‘plumes’ or ‘ridges’ may protrude to shallow depths along faults originating in the basement. The basement horsts appear to be overpressured relative to the intervening grabens. The principal thesis of this paper is that the two main driving forces of fluid flow in the basin are gravitation, due to elevation differences of the topographic relief, and tectonic compression. The flow field is unconfined in the gravitational regime, whereas it is confined in the compressional regime. The nature and geometry of the fluid potential field between the two regimes are controlled by the sedimentary and structural features of the rock units in that domain, characterized by highly permeable and localized sedimentary windows, conductive faults and fracture zones. The transition between the two potential fields can be gradual or abrupt in the vertical, and island‐like or ridge‐like in plan view. The depth of the boundary zone can vary between 400 and 2000 m. Recharge to the gravitational regime is inferred to occur from infiltrating precipitation water, whereas that to the confined regime is from pore volume reduction due to the basement's tectonic compression.