夏禹何能划九州

贵州有些《方志》和《文史资料》说:“在夏、周(或商、周)时期,贵州为梁州(四川、陕南、陇南)南裔,荆州(湖北、湖南)西鄙。”此说正确与否?本文想予以解答。一九州为后世之设想九州之名出自后世书籍,并非夏朝文献所载。既为后世之说,其为猜测(或是一种想像),一见即知。例如: 左丘明是春秋末期的人。《左传》记事时限又止于公元前四六四年(鲁悼公四年)。则左丘明也应是前四六四年前数十年间的人。他距夏禹时代已晚了一千五百余年,他的所言当然不宜作为夏禹历史的根据。相传,《左传》又是左丘明所写之书,如此,《左传·鲁襄公四     

中山国王世系

中山国原名鲜虞,是春秋末叶到战国年间我国北方少数民族白狄在今河北、山西一带建立的国家。鲜虞最早见于《春秋左传》鲁昭公十二年(公元前530年),晋“假道于鲜虞”灭肥。鲁定公三年,鲜虞打败了晋,次年,中山首见于史籍。《左传》鲁定公四     

《吴世家》史源探讨

一、《左传》以外的记事史料《吴世家》记事部分最主要的史料来源就是《左传》.不过有的时候如果能够得到较《左传》更为原始或者更为可靠的史料,司马迁当然不会放过.例如关于诸樊元年吴楚交战,《左》襄十三有记载:“吴侵楚,养由基奔命,子庚以师继之.……战于庸浦,大败吴师.”而《吴世家》记云:“秋,吴伐楚,楚败我师.”这里《世家》依据的就不是《左传》,而可能是某种原始的吴国史记.“我师”应是吴国史官记事之辞,本不宜出现在汉人的著作里,也许是司马迁偶有疏失,没有将人称更改,遂使后人得以略窥其史料的来源.《吴世家》:“(阖闾)十年春,越闻吴王之在郢,国空,乃伐吴.……楚昭王乃得以九月复入郢”此事在《春秋》、《左传》中都有记载.定公五年《春秋经》云:“夏,於     

顾炎武论世风

一、风俗的形成及其作用 《四库全书提要》说顾炎武《日知录》“十三卷论世风”,所谓“世风”实即社会风俗。该卷第一条“周末风俗”是全卷的总纲。开卷便从春秋末和战国初历史谈起:首先说《春秋》和《左传》记事之终,即“《春     

春秋战国命名和年代的划分

春秋和战国是中国历史上两个相接续的历史时代。其所以叫“春秋”和“战国”,是由两部古代历史书籍——春秋、战国策——所记载的历史事实和特点而得名的。把孔子所作的春秋所包括的二百四十二年的历史叫春秋时代,刘向所纂辑的战国策所包括二百四十五年的历史内容,叫战国时代。春秋这部书记事是以东周时的鲁国为主兼涉及到各国的政治事件,是从鲁(?)公元年(公元前722年)起,到鲁哀公十四年(公元前481年)止,共二百四十二年。战国策是汉朝(?)集起来的,是七国时游士和各国统治者所作策划,分国记事没有年代,刘向在战国策序里提到:“共事继春秋之后,訖楚汉之起二     

论《左传》对编年记事的贡献

《左传》是一部优秀的编年体史著,大药成书于战国初年。这部史著记事周详、体例完备、叙事生动,历来为史学家、文学家所称道,直到今天仍闪耀着诱人的光彩。《左传》记事以时间为序,这种方法起源于原始社会结绳、契刻记事。古秘鲁印加印第安人结绳记事,每发生一件事就在绳上打一个结,各地有专门使用和讲解绳结的人员。解放初,在我国西南地区,有些尚未学会使用文字的少数民族也以类似的方式记载本部族历史,他们有一根记事的木棍,发生大事,刻一深印,发生小事.刻一浅印,循着这一道道印痕,即可讲出一部生动的历史。民族学调查所反映的这些情况,在我国古籍中也有反     

论《左传》的政治思想倾向

传统的观点把《左传》看作儒家经典,说是儒家学派的政治教科书,《左传》作者的思想是儒家思想。但过去有人从经学角度考察,认为“左氏不传春秋”,或说“左氏不祖孔子”,攻讦《左传》不附合经意,两汉今文经家即力主此说。近人有认为“《左传》作者固兼有儒法兵三家思想”的。此外,称《左传》是兵书的亦有人在。我们认为,从总体上看,《左传》思想不是正统的孔孟学派,而更多地倾向于荀子学派,兼容了法、兵家的某些思想成分。如果摒弃今文经家的偏见,对“左氏不传春秋”的内容极易理解。因为,《左传》成书年代大约在战国中期,它的政治思想倾向正反映了战国前期魏霸鼎盛、王者未兴的时代特征,代表了新兴地主阶级适应变动了的潮流,承认现实变     

从《左传》的史学思想看其作者

《左传》是记载春秋及其以前历史的重要古籍,其作者是谁？众说纷坛,历来争议颇大。学术界大致有如下几种意见：１、左丘明作,又有人认为与左丘明无关;２、子夏的门人作;３、吴起等人作,又有人认为吴起作而与左丘明无关;４、刘歆伪作。拙著《吴起传》①曾就《左传》的成书过程论述过其作者。②我认为,从总体上看,即从《左传》成书过程与作者的关系看：《左传》的作者不只一人,也非一世之作,而是有一个相当的过程。当是草创于春秋后期的左丘明,经数传而至战国初期的吴起。他一边传授,又一边整理而成书。在此以后的流传过程中,又…     

从考古资料看屈原在世时的楚国

湖北迄今已发掘的楚墓群,其基数在百座以上且已见正式发掘报告的,有当阳赵家湖楚墓297座,江陵雨台山楚墓558座,江陵九店楚墓597座。三者合计1452座。除去时代不明的371座,尚得1081座,如下表所示：楚文化考古学界对战国中期前后两段和战国晚期前后两段的年代划分,出于约定俗成。战国中期前段大致为公元前四世纪的前半,即悼王早期至宣王中期;战国中期后段大致为公元前四世纪的后半,即宣王晚期至怀王晚期;战国晚期前段大致为公元前300年至公元前278年,即怀王二十九年至顷襄王二十一年;战国晚期后段大致为公元前277年至公元前221年…     

《通鉴考异》的史料考订价值

司马光费了十九年的时间,编成《资治通鉴》二百九十四卷,上起周威烈王二十三年(公元前四○三年),下迄后周世宗显德六年(公元九五九年),前后一千三百六十二年,用三百多万字,写成一部空前的编年史巨著,文字简练,记事周详,经历九百年的流传,堪称不朽之作。和司马光合作编修《资治通鉴》的,有刘攽,刘恕,范祖禹等人,刘攽专职两汉,刘恕专职魏晋南北朝,范祖禹专职唐五代。五代除了范祖禹之外,刘恕尚著有《十国纪年》,可     

The chalcolithic period in the Levant

The Levant of the fourth millennium B.C. was scattered with numerous small farming communities. The agricultural activities were based on growing barley, wheat, lentils, and fruit trees. This was accompanied by raising sheep-goats, pigs, and cattle and occasionally using marine resources. The architecture and the thick accumulation of debris loaded with pottery refuse indicate that the sites were sedentary and occupied for long periods. The social organization of these communities does not seem to have been very complex. The evidence argues against the existence of hierarchies and high-status social units that had the power to dominate and permanently regulate production and distribution. The evidence of religious activities also indicates that a priesthood, if it existed, was not dominant in the regulation of social and economic activities. The rapid cultural changes in the Levant during the late fourth and early third millennium were probably caused by the impact of the events in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The local modifications were readjustments to the large-scale changes in the Near East which influenced the rural and provincial Levantine Chalcolithic societies.     

14C测定判别武王克商年代范围始末

武王克商年代是我国古代编年中的一个关键点,近年来^14C测定技术有了重要发展,我国^14C测年界在此基础上探讨了^14C方法应用于商周历史纪年的希望。1996年夏商周断代工程正式立项,利用^14C测定判别武王克商年代范围的任务得以实施。1998年初两个常规^14C实验室以3‰测定精度,前后开始对陕西丰镐遗址出土样品^14C测定,并于1998年10月6－7日先后公布了^14C数据,提出武王克商代范围应判别在公元前1050－1020年间。1998年下半年AMS室开始测定。三室测定数据对比结果基本相合,利用殷墟,琉璃河等遗址出土的样品系列作^14C测定得出的结果,与上述年代范围一致。1998年11月30日公布了天计算结果,与测定结果不谋而合,经多方面反复验证,历时近二年,都无法动摇已有的判别结果,具有较高的可信度。     

J.B. Priestley: Bradford and a provincial narrative of England, 1913–1933

J.B. Priestley's writing has been used to explore aspects of landscape and Englishness. Through an analysis of Priestley's early journalism in the Bradford Pioneer and the Yorkshire Observer, we argue that his critical disengagement to most of the landscapes of England was based on a connection to the landscapes of his youth in Bradford where he first developed his fictional and documentary narrative style. In his early journalism, Priestley articulated a sense of dwelling in Bradford that was rooted in the experience of two distinct local landscapes: the spaces of the city and the nature of the surrounding upland and moorland. Priestley's geographical ideal balanced the civility of the Edwardian city embedded in a landscape that offered escape to and commune with nature. The existential balance between the two was, we argue, central to the narrative geographies developed by Priestley in his fiction which is illustrated through an analysis of his two early novels: The Good Companions (1929) and Angel Pavement (1930). We suggest that the ways in which Priestley's interwar writing expressed dwelling in local landscapes might be thought of as a critical provincialisation of London and England.     

Continental excursion, 1928, of the Glasgow university school of geography

An assessment is made of developments in agriculture and fish farming within the Integrated Development Programme (I.D.P.) for the Western Isles. The five‐year I.D.P., which was launched in 1982, was partly funded by the E.E.C. The extent of investment in agriculture and fish farming is reviewed. The growth of employment and output in fish farming is reported, and various agricultural indicators such as trends in livestock numbers and performance are assessed. Various conclusions and lessons that can be drawn from the experience of the Western Isles I.D.P. are discussed. The paper is a summary of a detailed assessment recently carried out by the author for the Highlands and Islands Development Board.     

Georges Duby’s Mâconnais after fifty years: reading it then and now

Georges Duby’s La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise was the foundation stone of the major school of French medieval social history in the last generation. This article reflects on the reasons for its historiographical importance at the time, and especially the narrative of the ‘feudal revolution’ that it is largely responsible for generating. Returning to Duby’s database, the charters of Cluny and of St Vincent of Mâcon, it reconsiders Duby’s portrayal of tenth century society in the Mâconnais and concludes that there is no basis in that evidence for any ‘mutation’ or ‘revolutionary’ social change occurring around the year 1000.     

Mémoire et histoire dans un roman graphique en six volumes: double jeu,infotainment, obsession française?

In October 2012 the sixth and last volume of the graphic novel Il était une fois en France [Once upon a time in France] was released. The six volumes, published at the rate of one per year since September 2007, cover the 60 years of the Jewish protagonist's life. It spans the time from Joseph Joanovici's birth in Kechinev [today's Moldavia] in 1905 to his death, alone and ruined, in Paris in 1965, and covers his four years of collaboration and resistance in Occupied France that saw him become a multi-millionnaire. The series is acclaimed by the public and critics alike. My article demonstrates that this graphic novel cannot belong to what Henry Rousso, in his book Le Syndrome de Vichy, called ‘the French Obsession’, but rather, its narrative qualities, which emphasize the protagonist's ambivalence by using techniques similar to those used in movies like Once upon a time in America and Miller's crossing [both of which are cited by the series' authors in several interviews and are obvious in the visual and narrative style of the series], place this graphic novel in what I see as a new period of infotainment that is closer to the new generation of readers who are immersed in globalization and the spectacularization of history.     

Narrativisme et philosophie spéculative de l’histoire

Over the last few decades, such important philosophers as Walter B. Gallie, Arthur Danto, Louis Mink, Hayden White and Paul Ric?ur have drawn attention to the role of narrative in history. After evoking the theses of these authors, this paper pays special attention to the works of David Carr which contend that historical action as such has a narrative structure. The paper discusses the consequences of such a «narrativism» and takes sides in the debate on this question which has been waged in part by William Dray and Noël Carroll. It is claimed that a «realistic» thesis on these matters might tend to generate the revival of a kind of speculative philosophy of history, which naturally would raise various questions concerning both political and historical analysis.     

汉番禺城故址新考

关于两汉时期岭南地区经济都会番禺城故址所在历来多有争议,本文通过细致的考证分析,否定了今广州旧城区说这一学术界的主流观点以及番禺沙湾说、顺德简岸说等异说,并通过历史文献资料、历史地名遗存、地貌状况、汉墓葬点分布、历史水道交通条件、历史城市生态环境等多重证据,认为秦及南越国时期的番禺城在今广州旧城区,但汉武帝元鼎六年(前111年)则将南海郡治与番禺县治并置于旧番禺城之南,并考订两汉新番禺城的具体方位当在今广州市番禺区市桥北一带,论文相应还探讨了东汉末年番禺县城迁回旧址的时间、原因和意义。     

西汉名臣汲黯卒年考

关于西汉武帝时名臣汲黯的卒年,现今一些重要的工具书大多认为是公元前112年,即汉武帝元鼎五年。也有少数认为是公元前122年,即汉武帝元狩元年。本文考证,上述二说不确,汲黯当卒于公元前109年,即汉武帝元封二年。     

THE COUNTED TIME: TECHNICAL TEMPORALITIES AND THEIR CHALLENGES TO HISTORY

One of the main debates regarding historical representation within digital media concerns narrative, particularly the difficulty in articulating it. Digital technologies are usually presented as opposed to linear, written narratives, which is of consequence to historical writing. Despite the many merits of scholarly approaches that try to circumvent this difficulty, the lack of theoretical understanding of the categories implied in such discussions is noticeable. To counter this, this article addresses the relationship between time, technics, and narrative. I contend that the challenges of crafting narratives in digital media conceal a problem pertaining to the relationship between time and technics. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur's work on narrative, Jimena Canales's studies of the history of science, Wolfgang Ernst's and Yuk Hui's discussions of technical temporality, and Bernard Stiegler's understanding of the relationship between time and technics, I argue that it is the temporality imbued in the workings of technical objects (such as computers) that renders them averse to narrative. In making this argument, I employ the notion of “counted time” (in contrast to Ricoeur's “narrative time”) to denote a temporal mode that, despite its intersections with social, human temporality, is alien to narrative.