古代埃及人的外族观念

古代埃及人早期有关外族的概念主要受地理位置和气候环境的影响。王权产生以后,统治者把外族问题政治化和仪式化,试图借此来强调手中权力的合法性和中央集权制度的必要性。综合分析古代埃及统治阶层的宣传性文献,并对照考古发掘结果,可以更加全面地认识古代埃及人对外族的想象和与外族的实际交往情况。     

中国古代人际传播思想中的关系假设

人际传播是人与人之间的意义创造和意义关系的交流.它因人们的交往关系而存在并运用于交往关系之中.关系总是同传播紧密地联系在一起而不可分割的.中国传统文化中关系假设无所不在.正是这些建立在通常假设意义的核心基础之上的"关系"理论造成中国古代乃至现代华人社会信息传播的隐蔽性.因此,只有研究维系中国古代人际传播秩序的关系假设,才能正确诠释"仁"、"礼"、"忠恕"、"和为贵"等传统思想范畴在古代人际传播过程中的意义.     

古代埃及教谕文学的名实问题

古代埃及的教谕文献是我们认识古代埃及人社会伦理思想的重要文献。从文体规划的角度,能够涵盖这种文学作品的文体主要包括智慧文学、教导文学和玛阿特（正义）文学,这些术语都不能让我们对教谕文献的基本性质提供一种直观的认识,但由于“玛阿特”是古代埃及人自己的词汇,所以它为我们认识这种文献提供了切入点,并促使我们从内容的角度揭示教谕文献的基本性质、探究教谕文献所教导的“智慧”、“玛阿特”的基本内容和特征,从而对古代埃及人的生活准则和社会价值取向做出基本的界定。     

在希望与绝望之间--论古代埃及人来世观念的产生和发展

从古代埃及流传下来的物和遗迹多数都与当时人们的宗教信仰和来世观念相关。在几千年的历史过程中,古代埃及人始终没有放弃对来世的追求。他们把尸体制作成木乃伊、修建豪华的墓室并且给死去的人奉献祭品。从表面上看,古代埃及人的来世观念从古王国到王朝后期没有什么变化,不过,如果仔细阅读他们留下来的有关献,我们会发现他们对命运和来世的认识及其态度发生了深刻的变化。尤其值得关注的是古代埃及人生前刻写在墓碑和墓壁上的自传,它们充分表达了墓主人在探讨死亡这个人生重大命题时的企盼、恐惧和无奈的复杂心态。     

古代埃及的雕刻艺术

古代埃及的雕刻艺术,经历了古王国、中王国和新王国等发展阶段,3000年间始终保持着它的主要特征。自古王国时期确定其基本法则后,雕刻艺术经过中王国时期的发展,到新王国时期达到了前所未有的繁荣,从新王国末期开始,逐渐趋于衰落。希腊、罗马统治埃及时代,面临外来文化的冲击和渗入,具有悠久传统的埃及艺术并未因此而泯灭,古老的埃及艺术仍以其独特的民族风格影响着希腊、罗马艺术的发展。     

古代埃及的传记文学评述

传记文学是古代埃及文学中早期的形式之一,也是古代埃及文学的一个重要组成部分。保留下来的古埃及传记文学作品,大多是歌颂法老、贵族大臣的所谓“辉煌业绩”和一切“善行”,文中有许多夸大不实之词。但是,不少传记作品却涉及了主人生活的时代和社会关系,仍能让我们了解到古埃及人心中的某些价值标准和社会道德规范。同时,传记作品的一些记载,可以让我们得知古埃及片段的历史事实,对于研究古埃及人的社会生活、古代埃及的国家机关、军事活动和对外关系,都具有一定的史料价值。     

沙巴卡石碑及其学术价值

沙巴卡石碑刻写于古代埃及第25王朝,但其语言风格却属埃及古王国.沙巴卡石碑的学术价值体现在语言、政治、宗教等方面,但它最重要的学术价值则体现在哲学上.通过对比,我们看到,沙巴卡石碑所记载的孟菲斯神学对希腊哲学有着重要的影响.但这并不意味着希腊哲学完全脱胎于古代埃及宗教.事实上,希腊人是在认同埃及文化的基础上对埃及文化进行了借鉴.     

论14世纪英国的聚落环境与黑死病传播

黑死病在14世纪的英国流行期间,既有遍及全国的普遍性,又体现出不同人群和地域之间的差异性。这种流行特点与当时英国的聚落环境密切相关。其中,聚落空间环境为鼠、蚤、人的紧密共存创造了条件,聚落社会环境则使得瘟疫可以在人与人之间迅速传播;同时,这两者还相互联系,依据不同的社会、自然条件,对瘟疫的传播形成影响。但无论是聚落空间环境,还是聚落社会环境,都是在特定的自然和社会条件下人类创造的一种生存和生活环境,因此瘟疫可以依托聚落环境而肆虐,亦可随着聚落环境的改变而受到控制。在这背后,则是人在与瘟疫博弈中获得主动的不懈努力。     

《塔努塔蒙梦碑铭文》译注

《塔努塔蒙梦碑铭文》译注是对古代埃及第二十五王朝最后一位国王塔努塔蒙所刻写的《梦碑铭文》进行的释读和翻译,并对译文中出现的历史名词进行必要注释.该铭文真实地记录了公元前663年努比亚王朝、塞易斯王朝和新亚述帝国这三股近东地区最大的政治势力对埃及的争夺,是我们研究这一时期埃及乃至整个近东历史的首选文献资料之一,因此,对其进行翻译和注释是一项很有必要的工作.     

阿马尔那艺术产生的时代背景

新王国时期是古代埃及历史上的鼎盛时期。在阿蒙霍特普四世统治时期进行了埃及历史上为数不多的改革——埃赫那吞改革,这次改革在很多领域都给古代埃及社会带来了重大的影响。因此,也成为学者们重点研究的对象之一。但学者们的研究主要集中在阿蒙霍特普四世身上,把研究的重点放在了他的改革和他对于阿马尔那时代近东大国外交模式的贡献上,而往往忽视了对其父亲——阿蒙霍特普三世的研究。故本文主要对阿蒙霍特普三世统治时期文化艺术转型的社会背景进行论述。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.