从“依军号定品”到“依州等定品”——析论北朝州军府制度的变革

北魏后期,军府僚佐依府主军号等级设定品阶,州军府制度依此原则得以构建起来。不过,刺史军号的不稳定性却为这一制度设计带来致命的缺陷。随着北魏末期军号日益"高阶化""散阶化",更加剧了州军府的制度危机。为解决这一难题,北齐、北周不约而同地推行州军府制度改革,将府佐的官品与刺史所带军号脱钩,并转变为依据所在州的等级置佐、定员、定品。这一制度变革影响深远,它促使州军府与刺史的关系逐渐被剥离开来,转而固定于州,进而转型为常设的地方行政机构。州军府的变革也推动"州府—军府"二元军政体系的终结,最终实现两者整合为一。此外,这一变革还改变了中央与地方之间的权力格局,为隋唐地方行政制度的建立铺平了道路。     

北朝典签制度试探

关于南朝的典签制度 ,研究者甚多 ,而北朝的典签制度 ,研究者甚少。即使是专门研究魏晋南北朝州府僚佐制度的知名学者严耕望先生 ,也未对北朝的典签制度作深入的全面研究 ,本文意在补充严氏研究之缺漏。     

南朝的谱学与政治

南朝谱学是南朝史学的一个重要组成部分,它较为突出地反映了史学与政治的密切关系。门阀政治深刻地影响着南朝谱学的发展,反之,谱学也成为门阀士族维护其特权政治的工具。南朝谱学的政治功用是它一个突出的时代特点,表现出很强的姓氏与地望相结合的姓族特征。同时,南朝谱学与南朝的选官、婚姻有看密切的内在联系。     

浙江临安牛上头谢氏家族墓地年代与归属献疑

浙江临安牛上头墓地发现砖铭若干,有的带“关中侯谢氏”字样,表明谢氏即其墓主而非制砖造墓的工匠或督办丧事的僚佐。这是浙江地区六朝墓葬中难得一见的证据确凿的家族墓地。通过分析可知,该墓地肇始于东晋太宁三年（325年）,延续至隋仁寿三年（603年）,此“谢”并非陈郡阳夏谢氏,而可能系会稽山阴谢氏。迄今发现的东晋南朝家族墓地为数不少,但在地域分布上以南京地区为多,在墓地归属上以北来大族为主。即便是明确的南方士族墓地,其文化面貌亦多趋同于北来大族。临安牛上头墓地则不然,其墓主系南方士族,墓葬面貌几乎不见北来大族的影响,正是考察东晋南朝墓葬中南北差异的绝佳材料和突破口。     

河东柳氏在南朝的独特发展历程

河东柳氏是南朝渡江甚晚 ,但却最终跻身一流士族的地方豪族。柳元景凭借显赫战功进入刘宋中央政权是这一家族发迹的基础 ,柳世隆在南齐实现由武入文的转化是其进入高级士族行列的必备条件 ,而柳世隆子侄辈在萧梁的婚宦则是其与王谢等高门甲族并驾齐驱的具体体现。与南朝一般士族不同的是 ,河东柳氏在完成这一转化后 ,依然保持了勇武善战的特长 ,并将这种特长与南朝高门士族独有的高贵文化素质融为一体。这一典型特征使其既不同于因擅长武功受到高门士族压抑排挤的地方豪族 ,也不同于因连续遭受战乱摧折而趋向灭亡的甲族高门 ,因此 ,河东柳氏是南朝历史上较为独特的一种士族类型。这可能是其在南朝灭亡后 ,依然能够发展成为关中首望的重要原因     

魏晋南北朝时期的护军

护军是魏晋南北朝时期的一种特殊制度,起初作为中央官职,后逐渐演变为地方职官名称,并且有具体治所和统治范围,统治内附的少数民族,成为一级地方行政机构。护军的发展反映出这一时代地方行政制度军事化的特点。     

辛亥革命时期的民团与社会权势转移--以《江西民报》为中心的研究

地方军事化是我们探讨中国传统社会结构与政治体制转型的重要视角,它集中体现了国家对地方社会控制权的下移和基层社会的“自治化”进程。辛亥革命时期民团的大量出现,标志着地方社会军事化的形成。民团在由“民间自办”到“官督民办”过程中,逐渐成为基层社会新的权力中心和新、旧社会力量重组的舞台。民团的兴起与发展,集中地反映了晚清以来的地方自治进程与新政时期的地方政治格局,揭示了中国近代社会变迁的内在机制。     

关于北魏几个将军号的考释

北魏前期曾经创置过一批未见于之前史籍记载的将军号,其中以春秋战国时代方国名字命名的将军号占有很大的比例。在泰常七年北魏攻宋的战役中,主要军事将领都带有此类将军号。分析他们之间的隶属关系与爵位高低,可以推断出这类将军号的迁转序列。而带有这些将军号的军事长官的人选变化,也反映出北魏内部军事结构的变迁。     

南朝都督诸州军事与其所领将军职的关系探讨

南朝都督诸州军事与所领将军职有密切的关系。将军职是都督诸州军事设置的前提条件。但是 ,都督诸州军事所领将军职不是与都督诸州军事合而为一的 ,保持明显的独立性。南朝国家为保证都督诸州军事获得将军职 ,采取多种途径授予都督诸州军事将军职 ,使都督诸州军事领任将军职表现出多样性。都督诸州军事所领将军职对都督诸州军事的任职具有明显的影响 ,表现为 :可以提高都督诸州军事的地位 ;可以影响都督诸州军事所处的等级地位 ;可以体现对都督诸州军事政绩的表彰。都督诸州军事与所领将军职的这种影响关系 ,是都督诸州军事的设置表现出独自的特点。     

齐梁之际豫、梁降魏与南风北渐

南朝齐梁之际,沿边军事重镇豫、梁二州相继降附北魏,其中所涉人物除裴叔业、夏侯道迁家族外,还有众多的文武将佐幕僚、地方官属等,他们皆为由长期寓居南朝边境州镇的晚渡士族组成的豪族群体成员。南朝边境州镇之北附,固然与南朝内政纷争有关,但也与当时南北军政局势的走向,特别是北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳及其厉行全面汉化之社会变革存在深刻的联系。作为晚渡士族群体,边境豪族代表多具有丰富的文化修养和较高的文化水准,其文化传统及其所居边境州镇的特殊地域环境,使得他们在学风与士风上具有独特的风尚。但他们毕竟长期仕宦于南朝,与江左诸政权及其高门士族社会联系广泛,深受江左玄化学风与士风的熏染,从而在经史学术、文学艺术及名士风操等方面表现出明显的南朝文化的气息。正因为如此,以晚渡士族为主体,自豫、梁降魏的边境豪族整体性北徙,必然造成南朝学风与士风的北传,对北魏宣武、孝明帝时期社会文化风尚的转变及此后北朝社会文化的变革产生了不可忽视的影响。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.