略论“古史辨”派的古史研究方法

本世纪二十年代兴起的疑古风气是传统的疑古辨伪思想与“五四”以来的民主与科学思潮相结合的产物。以疑古著称的“古史辨”派在打破传统迷信、清除封建史学影响方面为中国现代学术事业的发展作出了卓越的贡献,同时,和历史上任何一种学术与学派一样,它又带有自身的局限。“古史辨”派的学术成就与局限在其古史研究方法方面表现得尤为突出和明显。“古史辨”学者提出的辨伪结论是否可信,往往在很大程度上取决于他们运用的研究方法是否正确。从这种意义上说,分析“古史辨”派研究方法的得失,是准确估价该学派学术成就的关键。     

日本“疑古”思潮与“古史辨运动”

"古史辨运动"的兴起是否受到了日本"疑古"思潮的直接影响,近年来逐渐成为学术界共同关注的一个话题,时至当下尚未盖棺论定。从现有资料来看,"古史辨运动"兴起之际的胡适、钱玄同、顾颉刚虽然通过间接方式对日本"疑古"思潮中的一些情况,如《崔东壁遗书》新校印本的出版、白鸟库吉的"尧舜禹抹杀论"、先秦天文历法论战以及内藤湖南的"加上原则"有所了解,但了解并不等于受其直接影响。要之,"古史辨运动"与日本"疑古"思潮之间并不存在实质性的学缘关系。     

考辨古史 廓清迷雾——评《古史辨》

顾颉刚先生是我国著名的历史学家,在古史研究上有卓越的成就,早年就以编著《古史辨》而蜚声史学界。《古史辨》第一卷出版于1926年,虽然离开现在已达半个多世纪,但至今仍受到史学界的重视。在中国现代史学史上,这部书是应该占有相当地位的。上海古籍出版社最近把《古史辨》七卷九册影印出版,并准备续出新编的第八卷,实在是很有意义的事情。《古史辨》是以顾颉刚先生的疑古思想为核心而编著的一套古史论文总集。在第一卷中,顾颉刚先生就提出了“层累地造成的古史”观。他说,这个观点包含了三个意思:     

顾颉刚与古史辨派

古史辨派是一个在20世纪20年代崛起的、以顾颉刚为代表的、以疑古辨伪为特征的史学派别。该派在中国古史(春秋以前的历史)研究方面,以大胆的疑辨精神,运用新的“历史演进的方法”,提出了“层累地造成的中国古史”的假说,推翻了有着整齐序列的诸如“盘古开天”、“三皇五帝”等概念构成的旧的古     

西方汉学与“古史辨运动”

中国近代学术与西方汉学有着极为密切的学缘关系。以"层累说"为中心理论的"古史辨运动"即是一个绝佳的例证。在"古史辨运动"发生之际,胡适、顾颉刚提出的"东周以上无史论"即是从美国学者迈尔与德国汉学家夏德等人的"疑古"论中得到了一定的启发;而胡、顾二氏继而主张的"商代犹是石器时代的晚期"之论则是直接受到了瑞典考古学家安特生《中华远古之时代》的影响。在"古史辨运动"兴起之际,美国汉学家恒慕义对《古史辨》第一册的介绍与评价,无疑起到了不可替代的推动作用。历史或最为诡异的是,瑞典汉学家高本汉旨在驳斥康有为《新学伪经考》的《左传真伪考》,反倒被"疑古派"拿来证明今文家言,以推进"古史辨运动"中关于今古文学问题的讨论。因此,如果用一句话来表述这一西方汉学与"古史辨运动"之间的学缘关系,"他山之石,可以攻玉"或是一个极佳之写照。     

现代性与“古史辨”

顾颉刚在“古史辨”中以进化史观作为怀疑古史的理论基础,以科学理性的认知观作为疑、信古史的基本准则,以由进化观念演变而来的历史演进法作为考察古史的思维工具,并以假设与求证的方法作为考辨古史的主要方法,这在历史认知与解释层面上鲜明地体现出现代性特征,并使得顾颉刚的史学观念、思维方法在学术理念与治学方法上大大超越了以清代汉学家及疑古学者、晚清今文家为代表的中国传统疑古辨伪之学,将中国的古史研究推进到一个新的高度。同时,顾颉刚在运用其具有现代性的史学观念、方法时,因应其进化论的预设而过度使用“默证法”,在历史演进法的使用上囿于“一元单向”演进模式的窠臼,在假设与求证中未能严格遵循实事求是的原则。这些都影响到“古史辨”理论与方法在古史研究中的有效性。     

章门弟子与“古史辨派”

长期以来,顾颉刚倡导的疑古思潮在近代史学界的影响被过分夸大。事实上,至少在"古史辨运动"的策源地——北大研究所国学门,占据主流地位的章门弟子便对之表现出一种十分错综复杂的态度,大多并不曾积极支持"疑古"。究其缘由,这其中既存在学术观点的分歧,又参杂有章太炎的影响以及国学门中微妙的人脉纠葛。     

胡适与古史辨派

以顾颉刚为代表的“古史辨派”,是我国现代史上一个影响颇大的资产阶级史学流派。在顾颉刚等人的论著中曾多次谈到过胡适对“古史辨”史学的启迪和指导作用,胡适本人也曾多次谈到过他与古史辨派的密切联系。建国前的许多史学评论家,一般都把胡适与古史辨派视为同一流派。但是,建国后的许多论著,虽然也提到胡适对古史辨史学的影响,但主要是强调两者的“区别”。最近中华书局出版的《顾颉刚先生学述》一书,曾较具体地谈到胡适对顾颉刚的影响,但却以更多的篇幅谈论两人在政治、学术观点和治学方法上的“区别”。     

钱玄同古史研究论略

具有疑辨精神的钱玄同,是“五四”时期的文化斗士,他不仅在文学、文字、音韵、经学诸方面颇多建树,同时又是“古史辨派”的主要代表人物,在古史的疑辨方面从方法到成就都卓然一家。本文试略论之。     

由先商王亥史事论顾颉刚先生的古史建设

1926年《古史辨》第一册出版,标志着古史辨派(又称疑古派)的建立。同年,顾颉刚先生写了《(周易卦爻辞)中的故事》一文,列举《周易》的记载认定先商有易杀王亥取仆牛的史实,其中借用了王国维的研究结果。顾颉刚先生撰此文本来做的是一个反题,但正如他自己所说,“破坏和建设只是一事的两面”,所以此文实为顾颉刚先生在古史建设方面最重要的成就之一,在古史建设方面具有重要意义。     

Appeals for European solidarity as calls for colonial violence: British and German public debates around 1900

Abstract

While recent scholarship has emphasized the role of the colonial experience in the development of the idea of Europe and European integration, notions of European solidarity in the age of imperialism have largely been ignored. This paper investigates the specific context in which journalists and politicians voiced such pleas for solidarity, explores the motivations for them, and probes their limits in times of tension. A closer look at the actors involved illustrates the strictures placed on ideas of European solidarity and illuminates the limited potential of projects of integration prior to 1914. However, latter considerations notwithstanding, a discourse on European solidarity in a colonial context did emerge in the decades before the First World War, allowing early proponents of integration to view colonialism as a field for common European action.     

The Unhelpful Notion of ‘Renaissance man’

The current journalistic use of the term ‘Renaissance man’ to describe someone whose work straddles boundaries between today's specialisms is a hindrance to understanding almost any aspect of the culture of the Renaissance — a culture within which both ‘art’ and ‘science’ had meanings different from those they have now, the most significant intellectual division being between the learned and the practical traditions. We look first at the learned tradition of the universities (where teaching was in Latin). The people considered include William Harvey, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, Regiomontanus and (very briefly) Isaac Newton. Within the practical tradition, centred on workshops, we consider the state shipyards in Venice (where Galileo claimed to have learned much), workshop practices in general and the emergence of the notion of ‘Fine Arts’. The individuals considered include Piero della Francesca, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raphael, as well as the famous clockmaker Jost Bürgi (who taught Kepler about algebra). We conclude by considering the transfer of skills between these two traditions. There are several areas of overlap, but here we concentrate attention on the story of algebra. Algebra was invented by al-Khwarizmi (whose name gives us the term ‘algorithm’) in the ninth century, within learned mathematics, in Baghdad. In the West, elementary algebra, derived from al-Khwarizmi's work but in the simplified form of problems, became part of ‘practical mathematics’. Slowly, from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, developed forms of algebra crossed over into the learned tradition. This is as much a matter of crossing social barriers as of crossing intellectual ones. Eventually, the practical tradition as a whole became absorbed as an elementary part of the learned one.     

A Forgotten Legacy: The Romanov Patronage of Finland’s Early Art Collections

The earliest art collections of Finland’s National Gallery came into being when, as the Grand Duchy of Finland, it was an autonomous part of imperial Russia (1809–1917). The prevailing view of Finnish museum studies, however, sees the Finnish Art Society, the precursor of the Finnish National Gallery, as being modelled on exclusively European cultural institutions. The history of the Society and its collections have thus been seen as resistant to any alien eastern influences, and as an attempt to differentiate Finnish culture from Russian art collecting practices. Drawing on the theoretical shift in cultural studies from the conception of stable, clearly demarcated cultural identities of nation states toward less rigidly defined identities, the aim of this essay is to reconstruct the hidden Russian presence in Finnish museum historiography. Based on original unpublished sources, my study shows that the earliest support of Finland’s cultural infrastructure was given by the Romanov patrons Nicholas I, Alexander II, and Alexander III. By exposing the absence and physical erasure of “imperial identity” in the official Finnish museum narrative, I reveal how museums can at once elevate particular discourses and practices while marginalizing other historical processes in a nation’s cultural past.     

WHAT OBJECT IS FEAR?

This article reviews two edited volumes on fear, important contributions to the newly developing field of the history of emotions. The question at the center of Jan Plamper and Benjamin Lazier's volume is how fear is constituted as an object; this question is investigated in an interdisciplinary dialogue. Focusing on the twentieth century, the editors bring together psychologists, historians of science and of emotions, and specialists in literature studies, politics, and film. Taking the dialogue beyond the social sciences is certainly an exciting and necessary exercise, but it also raises the question whether both sides are really talking about the same object. Michael Laffan and Max Weiss place fear in a global history perspective. They cover a wide scope, from early modernity to the present, and geographically including the Americas and Indonesia. Taken together, both volumes not only give an impressive overview of the field of fear studies, and add to it through a number of case studies, but also raise the question “what object is fear?” in a new way. If this object is as fluid as appears from the two volumes—not only with respect to the different events that trigger fear, the different uses it was put to, and the politics it allowed, but as a felt emotion—this calls for further investigation notably into the words and concepts used to make sense of the experience.     

从环境的历史到环境史——关于环境史研究的一种认识

By and large, there are three kinds of research on environment: the history of environment as a field of natural history studies, the history of environment as within the scope of history of society studies, and environmental history as the study of the relationship between human and nature. The methodological perspective of the relationship between humanity and environmental distinguishes the third from the previous two. From this perspective, when we probe the mutual effects between human and nature, we will stress on their interactions. The new era and the realities of contemporary society foster the rise of environmental history, which has not only theoretical values but also practical significance. Translated from Xueshu Yanjiu 学术研究 (Academic Research), 2006, (9):12–22     

学术转型期的民国史研究--中华民国史国际学术讨论会纪要

2002年8月21－23日在北京举行了“中华民国史国际学术讨论会”。从提交此次会议的论文可以看出近年来民国史研究的几个基本特征：民国政治史在致力于突破,民国外交史因新史料的出现而凸现新意,民国社会史的研究日益深化,民国经济史的研究更加细化,民国思想文化与教育史领域的研究在不断拓宽,民国史料的不断发掘与学术史研究的重视。     

论中华人民共和国史研究

中华人民共和国史是指1949年10月1日以后共和国范围内社会及社会与自然界关系的历史。从经济社会发展道路或目标模式的角度来观察,国史大致可以划分为五个时期,其主线至少有三条。研究国史,需要明确现代史与当代史的关系,尤其要处理好它与中共党史的关系。认清什么是国史的主流,关键在于如何看待改革开放前的历史,特别是那段历史中发生的失误和错误。国史研究具有较强的阶级性、政治性和意识形态性,但这并不必然削弱它的学术性、科学性。国史研究除了具有史学各分支学科所共有的传承文明、咨政育人的功能外,还有"护国"的重要作用。在今天,只要尊重客观事实,遵守学术规范,当代人不仅可以写好当代史,而且可以在国家机构主持下写好国史。     

PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AFTER 1945: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

Much has been said about what philosophy of history should be. This bibliometric assessment of research in the philosophy of history examines what scholars in this field have actually produced. The study covers a dataset—a subsection of the bibliography of the International Network for Theory of History—of 13,953 books, articles, book chapters, dissertations, and other scholarly publications, encompassing materials written in seven different languages published between 1945 and 2014. This material was classified according to a multilayered system of taxonomy consisting of keywords representative of themes discussed in the field. Separate quantitative analyses were made to elucidate characteristics about the publication outputs in the field in the different language groups. Changes in paradigm, often referred to as “turns” or “trends,” have been mapped in this study, according to a quantitative analysis of the most recurrent keywords within a five‐year interval, which give an indication of the most debated themes in each period. ?Religion/theology/secularization? is the most frequent keyword during the period 1945 to 1969, followed by ?Marxism/historical‐materialism?¹ from 1970 to 1984, in what can be considered a second period of the field. Although many of the key publications of the linguistic turn were written within this second period, our dataset shows that it is not until the third period (1985–2014) that their writing goes on to influence other authors in the field.     

Global Horizons: Mexico,the Third World,and the Non-Aligned Movement at the Time of the 1961 Belgrade Conference

This paper analyses the autonomous streak that marked Mexico's foreign policy during the presidency of Adolfo López Mateos (1958–64). Throughout this period, Mexico showed reluctance to participate fully in the flagship Kennedy programme for Latin America, the Alliance for Progress. At the same time, the López Mateos government adopted a position of defence for Cuba's right to self-determination in spite of Washington's attempts to eradicate the Cuban Revolution from the Western Hemisphere. During López Mateos's term, Mexico tried for the first time in its history to elaborate a foreign policy with broader international outreach, an effort highlighted by the Mexican presidential trips to Latin America and Asia as well as other countries that belonged to the Non-Aligned Movement. While historiography has explored Mexico's attitude towards the Alliance for Progress and, more consistently, the country's Cuban policy, much less attention has been dedicated to López Mateos's engagement with the Non-Aligned Movement. Focusing on Mexico's failed participation at the First Conference of Heads of State of Non-Aligned Countries celebrated in Belgrade in 1961, this article aims to fill this research gap. Indeed, even if Mexico did not ultimately participate in the conference, Mexican diplomacy did show great interest in the gathering. For a country that had formally sided with the United States after the beginning of the cold war, Mexico's flirtation with the Non-Aligned Movement represented a detour from the diplomatic path it had adopted at the end of the Second World War. This work argues that Mexico's engagement with the Non-Aligned Movement presents a different dimension of the country's international strategy during the 1960s, reflecting Mexico's desire to loosen the bipolar constraints that limited its economic development and increase its leverage with Washington.     

迈克尔·曼的社会权力史及权力史观述评

迈克尔·曼是第三代历史社会学家中的杰出代表。他的社会权力史别出心裁、匠心独具 ,理论上讲是马克思·韦伯“社会理想型”研究方法的延续。曼的社会权力史涵括整个人类史 ,其解释力强、角度新颖、理论性强。但是 ,其权力史仍是欧洲中心主义的 ,并且在其中 ,作为历史组成部分的个人消失了。