场域织补:旅游传统村落更新理论新议

文章引入织补理论和场域理论，采用理论演绎与概念诠释方法，从场域织补视角出发对旅游传统村落更新理论进行思辨。研究发现，旅游重构了传统村落更新方向与逻辑，村落“碎片化”提供了织补理论应用的复杂性与矛盾性条件；旅游引发传统村落场域解构为旅游、生活、生产三大子场域，资本分化和竞争加大场域内外压力并引致场域失调；在保持村落复杂性前提下，场域织补可通过调适场域而作用于旅游传统村落更新过程。研究认为，场域织补的基本内容包括文化场域织补和关系场域织补，可运用资本调适作为场域织补的技术工具。     

城中村遗产价值——公共地理学视角与深圳案例

运用公共地理学方法,讨论城中村的文化遗产价值。文章考察了新老两代村民和四类不同租户构成的核心群体,对于城中村的认知、记忆和情感的差异与代际隔阂。研究发现,以深圳为案例的南方中国的城中村,出现原住民业主被大量外来租户逐步替代、导致传统宗族村落文化难以后继、并从"落脚城市"向"可居社区"成熟转变的发展趋势。城中村的文化遗产被识别为"半村半城"的混合型生活文化、以乡镇企业工业遗存和非正规经济为代表的生产文化、凝结移民草根之奋斗精神的理性文化,以及凸显城中村生命活体的感性文化等四个类型。文章认为城中村文化遗产的价值,需要通过社会（代际）与地域空间的双重尺度提升,在公共地理学讨论平台,达成共识。     

海外华侨回乡参政分析——以浙江省青田县华侨村官为例

论文依据对青田县方山、船寮等地华侨村官以及所管辖的村民进行田野调查的结果,分析了华侨村官群体出现的原因、作用和特点,剖析了华侨村官工作中存在的阻碍和不足,以及工作中“水土不服”现象和阻碍的因素,旨在为地方政府研究制订华侨参政长效机制提供参考,并以期社会对华侨参政这一新现象给予更多的关注和思考。     

Revolution, war, and villages: A case study on villages of Licheng county, Shanxi province during the war of Resistance Against Japan

This paper focuses on several villages of Licheng county in the southeastern part of Shanxi province, probing into how the war and the revolution affected village society in North China. The primary concern of most existing studies on the Chinese Revolution has been to examine how the Communist Party of China (CPC) mobilized peasants in a certain area, boosted their revolutionary consciousness, and ultimately led them to win the revolution, and to carry out this inquiry in the context of the orthodox history of the CPC, from top-down perspective. The paper focuses on the microscopic world of a village, and examine, from the bottom-up perspective and in the context of the history of the village itself, what the war and the revolution meant to the village, several factors that have remained rather inconspicuous begin to surface. The case studies of several villages in Licheng county shows that the revolution unfolded as an extension of various conflicts or rivalries that had existed for years within each village, or between different villages. One group of well-to-do people who had once monopolized public authority within a village fell from power, while a group of poorer peasants who had been dominated by the richer group joined the CPC and emerged as new power holders in the village. The motives that drove peasants to join the CPC were often far more complex and diverse than conventional theory would have us believe.     

人口的增殖流动与明清华北平原的村落发展

影响村落生长的因素主要是村落人口的自然增殖与流动。融入型人口流动改变了村庄的姓氏结构,它是多姓村落形成的主要原因,而寄居型人口流动不但在一定时段改变了村庄的姓氏构成,对村落的裂变以及村落数量的增加也具有很大的影响,它是村落裂变分化的主要原因之一。     

欠发达农区村域空心化特征及其微观机理——以兰考县三个村为例

通过对兰考县三个村庄的实地调查,发现欠发达农区村域空心化具备空心村的一般性特征,即人口空心化明显,土地利用效率低下,村庄用地外扩内空,且扩张呈现沿公路、占耕地的趋向;但由于经济、社会等因素制约,欠发达农区村域空心化一般处于萌芽阶段,表现在聚落形态上的空心尚不明显。可以用空间界面理论来解释村域空心化的驱动机理,居住空间分异。从农村地域的内核系统视角,分析了欠发达地区空心村的形成机理,主要受城市化、农户家庭收入、村民观念、土地利用制度、资金资源等因素制约与影响。     

Economics of Marriage Change in a South Indian Village

The Indian marriage system has undergone major changes in the last few decades. Studies have found an expansion and intensification of dowry and increase in age at marriage. Using information from a village in Tamil Nadu, south India, this article shows that recent marriage changes in the study village (increased number of love-marriages and stagnation or slight decline in marriage age) are caused by the economic independence and personal autonomy among the younger generation which are products of major changes in the socio-economic organization of the society.     

The Retirement Village as a Residential Environment for the Third Age – The Example of Firhall,Scotland

Abstract

Retirement villages represent a recent addition to the range of residential options for older people in the UK. Research has focused on the development and nature of retirement housing in the public and voluntary sectors in England. Limited attention has been directed to the private retirement communities and, in particular, to the lived experience of residents in private sector retirement villages. This research, which is the first study of a private retirement village in Scotland, overcomes this information deficit by identifying the nature and growth of private retirement villages in the UK and exploring the lived experience of residents of the private retirement village of Firhall. The discussion is organised into four main parts. Part I examines the concept of the retirement village. Part II explains the growth and geography of retirement villages in the UK. Part III comprises the empirical analysis of the case study retirement village. The research identifies the social, economic and demographic characteristics of the village population and provides insight into lived experience of the residents in the study village. Finally, in part IV, the discussion identifies a number of key issues for further research, and the potential contribution of retirement villages for meeting the needs and preferences of the growing third age population of the UK.     

浙江三泉村700年变迁模式试探

三泉村自南宋淳熙八年(1181)建村,至明嘉靖三十四年(1555),先后产生了2名进士、1名举人,但随着人口的繁衍,村区人口无传率上升,夫妇年龄差增大,人文逐渐衰弱,700年问历经了盛衰变迁。这一变迁模式对于以农业为主业的传统山村社会具有一定的普遍意义。     

Plantation and village in coastal Guyana, 1887–1969: conflict or complementarity?

This study of livelihood patterns in a single rice village of coastal Guyana from 1887 to the present stresses economic and ecological linkages between the village and nearby sugar cane plantations. In the village of Bush Lot, typically populated by descendants of indentured plantation labourers from India, problems of maintaining drainage and irrigation canals have been compounded by a lack of village labour coordination. Varying yields from the community's ricefields have been affected by recurring drought and flood, so the villagers have never been full-time subsistence farmers. Rather, they have worked seasonally on the nearby plantations to supplement village farming activities. This part-time estate work has tended to inhibit social and political solidarity within Bush Lot. The plantations have coped better with water control than have villages. Nevertheless, the cane estates have depended upon nearby villages for seasonal labour. Although agricultural technology and scale of production have changed dramatically during the psst century, plantations and villages of the Guyanese coastal plain remain closely interlinked.     

游客行为与传统村落游览区域适度控制研究——以西递村、束河古镇为例

本文通过对西递村、束河古镇两个典型旅游村落的调查发现,村落中不同游览区的游客数量差异较大,80％以上游客到达的主要游览区域面积占村落建成区的比例分别约为29％和35．6％,由此提出村落的主要游览区域面积可控制在45％以内。对此,本文从游客常规线路、游客观赏行为、游客疲劳限度、游客寻路和从众心理五个方面进行分析,指出村落的主要游览区域范围不会因为游客的增加而扩大,并得出了应减少无序无用开发、挖掘主要游览区价值、保持非主要游览区氛围三点启示。     

“法国最美丽村庄”的评选启示

作为高度城市化的法国,乡村发展在其国家发展中始终占据着重要的地位,村庄保护与发展的历史由来已久。1982年成立的"法国最美丽村庄"协会,成员已扩展到156个村庄,遍布法国的21个大区和69个省。其庞大的村庄网络系统,存储并分享着大量村庄实践的优秀经验。协会不断致力于避免使村庄沦为毫无灵魂的博物馆或与此相反的"主题公园";旨在协调村庄传统与未来发展,使生活重新回归喷泉旁或百年历史石灰墙和法国梧桐掩映下的广场上。作为一个自下而上发起的村庄保护行动的成功案例,"法国最美丽村庄"协会对于正处在乡村保护与发展起步阶段的中国来说,有许多值得借鉴与学习的地方。     

古村落游客感知价值概念模型与实证研究——以张谷英村为例

古村落旅游是一种特殊的乡村旅游、文化生态旅游。识别古村落游客感知价值的内在维度、探明古村落游客感知价值的来源,可以为古村落旅游发展提供理论支持。本文构建了古村落游客感知价值概念模型,并以张谷英古村落为例进行了实证研究。研究初步探明了古村落游客感知价值的来源,并且发现,古村落游客感知价值的内在维度呈三层次贡献分异,认知维显性化,情感维隐性化。     

山地传统村落空间系统风险研究——以重庆为例

选取风险源、风险受体状态、风险响应三个方面16个指标,以外部自然、人文因素、传统村落内部景观和建筑结构等为切入点,构建山地传统村落空间系统风险评价体系,分析重庆市110个传统村落空间系统风险,并针对性地提出保护建议。研究表明：(1)构建的风险评价体系能够综合反映山地传统村落空间系统外部压力和内部脆弱性,体现其空间差异。(2)重庆市传统村落空间系统风险属较高及以上等级的有42个,占村落总数的1/3以上,主要分布于渝东南武陵山中山地区,如酉阳、秀山等地。(3)风险等级较高及以上的传统村落,应提升主体风险防范能力,合理规划村落发展,避免城镇边界扩张挤压传统村落空间,导致其非自然性衰落。山地传统村落空间系统风险研究从宏观揭示风险驱动因子,识别风险胁迫大小,对传统村落精准保护具有重要意义。     

不同类型传统村落脆弱性比较研究

以湘南地区作为研究单元,多元化获取数据,运用“敏感-暴露-适应”分析框架和数理模型评价法对3种类型、6个村落的脆弱程度和致脆因素进行比较研究。结果表明：①务工型强脆弱、工贸型中脆弱、旅游型微脆弱;②旅游型和工贸型属复合E-A致脆类型,务工型属均衡E-A-S致脆类型;③务工型的敏感性远大于其他类型,民俗文化和村落居民是主要敏感因子;④旅游型为强暴露、工贸型为中暴露、务工型为微暴露。城镇化和旅游开发是主要暴露因素;⑤旅游型的适应性最高,工贸型次之,务工型最差;⑥不同类型村落的致脆短板因素差异较大。     

The globally connected Western Ukrainian village

Abstract

What analytical framework do we need in order to study villages shaped by intensive and long-lasting migration processes? The author tackles this question by scrutinizing the history of a Western Ukrainian village from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century in a case study. Migrants and non-migrants alike were closely interconnected to each other by manifold networks. This kind of interconnectedness proved to be amazingly persistent and did not lose its function even decades after the migration processes themselves had come to an end due to economic or political caesurae. In order to fully grasp this phenomenon, it is necessary to synthesize migration and village history, striving towards a ‘micro history of the globally connected village’.     

我国历史文化村镇保护的内容与方法研究

历史化村镇是我国遗产保护体系的重要组成部分,随着第一批中国历史化名镇(村)的命名公布。遗产保护工作又进入了一个崭新阶段。我国历史化村镇保护研究较国外起步较晚,相关研究也欠深入全面。导致在当前城镇化快速发展过程中,一些颇具价值特色的古村镇没有得到很好保护。本首先回顾了国内外历史小城镇、村落保护的演变发展,然后指出历史化村镇保护在价值特性方面,不同于历史化名城;在保护内容方面,要在以往偏重于物质化遗产保护的基础上。进一步加重非物质化遗产的保护;在保护方法方面,要综合运用历史学、地理学、建筑学、社会学、景观生态学等方法,才能达到较好的保护效果。     

中国古村镇保护利用中的悖论现象及其原因

中国的古村镇保护利用工作经过了30多年的发展取得了积极的进步,但是也出现了因保护而破坏的严重问题。本文尝试从对古村镇定义的修订切入,将古村镇作为一种文化综合体和文化生态系统进行分析,强调古村镇是由器物、行为、制度、精神四个层面构成的文化综合体,是具有自组织性的文化生态系统,对系统中任意环节的破坏都会造成保护利用的悖论现象。在此基础上,本文总结出保护环境与破坏环境、重现建筑特色与消解建筑特色等四重"中国式悖论",并进一步从社会文化环境、理念认知、管理机制以及开发模式等层面分析了中国式悖论产生的原因。     

基于GWR模型的长江中游城市群传统村落空间格局及可达性探究

以长江中游城市群170个传统村落为研究对象,利用核密度法探讨城市群传统村落的空间分布特征,使用谷歌地图全球搜索引擎与相关公式测算各传统村落的可达性。运用地理空间计量方法GWR回归模型重点剖析影响城市群传统村落可达性水平重要因子的具体影响程度并考量其空间异化效应。研究表明：①长江中游城市群传统村落存在三个高度集聚区,呈"品"形分布,其中有两大集聚区处于环鄱阳湖城市群内部。②传统村落可达性整体水平不高,时间成本较大,所在地区路网密度低,交通便利性不高,并受明显的支流效应影响,水系、山体和交通将一定程度上影响村落的可进入性水平。③地势高低与路网等级对传统村落可达性水平具有正向作用,邻水体距离对传统村落可达性水平呈负相关关系,而坡度值对可达性影响不显著。     

山地聚落历史人口的重建:以近三百年云南峨山沿河村为例

重建山地聚落人口变化的时空过程对认识历史时期人口发展有重要意义。本文以西南山地聚落沿河村为例,以田野调查资料为主,辅以历史文献和档案,利用估算户数和户均口数的方法重建了沿河村近三百年的人口变化过程。户数以某一时点占主导的世代可婚男子数作为代用指标进行折算;户均口数使用家庭结构模型,以流域内多个聚落人口的婚姻、生育和死亡数据推算出时段上的平均值,再通过1953年流域人口的年龄构成和多个聚落的户均子女和老人数得到平均值作为经验值,代入1920年之前户均口数的重建中,得到长时序的户均口数。重建结果通过对比检验,表明该方法能较好地重建历史时期山地聚落代际分辨率的人口序列。分析发现,该山地聚落人口变化具有大起大落和阶段性发展的特征,且大落的速度比大起的速度快。