美国大都市区生态组织结构的形成及其成因

马克思曾经指出：“现在的社会不是坚实的结晶体,而是一个能够变化并且经常处于变化过程中的机体。”城市的发展同样如此。美国在20世纪20年代城市人口达到全国人口的一半以上,基本上实现了城市化,全国城市体系也逐步形成。同时,城市的规模不断扩大,城市的内部组织结构也发生了很大变化,出现了明确的功能分区,大都市区的生态组织结构开始形成并日趋成熟,成为20世纪美国城市发展的主导趋势。本文试图按照城市生态学的原理对美国大都市区的生态组织结构进行剖析,并从科技进步、经济效益、生态环境和社会文化等几个方面分析其成因。     

中日对抗与公共卫生事业领导权的较量——对"南满洲"铁路、港口中心城市的观察(1901-1911)

1905年日俄战争之后,日本在南满控制区域内的铁路、港口中心城市大力推进公共卫生事业,与此同时,中国官府也积极创办当地公共卫生事业,双方就公共卫生事业领导权展开激烈的竞争和较量,并在一定程度上改善了某些特定区域的卫生环境。然而,由于这是一种扩张/反抗的展开模式,在疾病治疗和预防疾病之外被赋予了更多的政治考量,致使城市贫民区与乡村的医疗卫生条件并未得到重点关注和大量投入,很长一段时间内该地区仍然疾病丛生,恶性传染病蔓延。在这个意义上,日本推进的公共卫生事务自然有其殖民主义扩张、帝国主义统治处心积虑、老谋深算的一面,中国官府和社会的自强卫生、救国医学则或可被视为一种不得已的推进方式。     

卫生安全韧性:应对重大突发公共卫生事件的韧性城市战略

通过城市的韧性治理全面提升城市应对重大突发公共卫生事件的能力,对处于深度城镇化进程中的中国来说是一个重要研究课题.将韧性理念运用到未来城市卫生治理研究中,为城市治理演进提供了新的分析框架和解决方案.本文研究认为,城市为了解决重大突发公共卫生事件中快速精准感知、最低运转维持和新冠肺炎疫情常态均衡三大难题,需要从城市治理体...     

美国内城街区的绅士化运动与城市空间的重构

在20世纪郊区化大潮中,60年代末以来美国内城街区出现了绅士化运动和某种复兴迹象。推动绅士化运动产生的原因包括内城街区的衰败、“地租缺额”的产生、城市规划理念的转变、城市功能的变化、美国人口和家庭结构的变化以及人们生活方式和消费观念的变化等。绅士化运动导致了美国城市空间结构乃至整个大都市区空间结构的变化,对于阻止中心城市的进一步衰落发挥了积极作用。     

建国初期党对农村公共卫生事业的探索

新中国的成立给人民带来了曙光,是中国历史上伟大的转折,整个国家和人民都沉浸在满满的喜悦中。喜悦之余党也深刻认识到国家所存在的矛盾和种种问题。本文通过对建国初期农村公共卫生事业的发展进行回顾,在解读党的卫生工作方针和政策的基础上,总结建国初期农村公共卫生事业的发展和新变化,并进行总体评价和分析,为当前我国农村公共卫生事业发展做出启示。     

民国时期国人对公共卫生建设的认识

民国时期国人对公共卫生建设的认识是：一、从防治疫病、保障民族健康、发展社会经济、提高国家地位与声誉等角度认识到公共卫生建设重要性;二、从国情与公共卫生建设内部要素的关联性提出了公共卫生建设的方针,并从公共卫生的性质与应办事项的角度对公共卫生建设的目的和内容进行了阐述;三、认识到当时进行公共建设在社会经济、卫生观念、政治组织、人才与科学技术等方面存在的困难因素;四、从提倡西医、卫生教育、人才培养、卫生经费、卫生技术与设备、社会建设同步性、社会共同参与性、国际合作等方面阐述了从事公共卫生建设的方法和手段。这些认识虽有局限性,但也具有积极的历史作用与现实借鉴意义。     

1929～1990年兰州市公共环境卫生变化初探

城市卫生是指城市范围内个人和群体的生活卫生、生产卫生及环境卫生的总称,其实质是人民健康。城市卫生与城市发展密切相关。1929～1990年,兰州市公共环境卫生随着时代背景的不同也相应地发生着变化,呈现出其特殊性,为21世纪创建文明城市提供着历史借鉴。     

青秀山风景区疫情防控的城市管理与行政执法对策 探讨

出现重大突发公共卫生疫情事件时,如何做好城市管理与行政执法工作成为一个新的课题。本文结合笔者的亲身经历,探讨风景区在疫情期间开展城市管理与行政执法工作的方式,以供参考。     

近代广西城市发展对周边农村经济结构的影响

中法战争后,广西龙州、梧州、南宁先后开放。随着对外贸易的开始,近代广西城市发展也拉开了序幕,客观上使广西部分城市的功能发生了变化,城市规模逐步扩大,出现了城市近代化发展的迹象,城市的发展呈辐射状地影响到周边农村广大地区,引起了周边农村经济结构中产业结构、生产关系结构、技术结构等各个方面的变化。     

试论文艺复兴时期意大利人的消费观

文艺复兴时期,由于资本主义的发展,工商业活动的繁荣,越来越多的奢侈品出现在城市市场上,意大利城市的物质文化和消费观念也在悄然变化,意大利人逐渐摒弃了传统基督教的克己自欲、守贫的价值观,人们开始追逐一切美好的东西,由俭入奢的,炫耀式消费观开始形成。     

Strengthening the Role of Public Health in Environmental Policy

Over the past 25 years there has been a steady decline in the role of public health agencies in environmental protection. This paper examines the major factors that have contributed to that decline, including the impact of federal environmental laws, the disparity in funding between regulatory and public health activities in environmental protection, and the emergence of risk assessment as a basis for environmental decisions. The methods of risk assessment and traditional public health approaches are contrasted, and the advantages of the involvement of public health agencies are discussed. Recommendations are presented for strengthening the role of public health in environmental decisionmaking to address more effectively public concerns about environmental risks.     

Urban Form,Sustainability and Health: The Case of Greater Oslo

Several studies have shown dense urban structures to be favourable in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport, limit energy consumption in buildings and protect farmland and natural areas in the surroundings of the city. There may, however, be some tensions between such a compact urban developmental strategy and considerations of public health in urban planning. This paper reviews findings from international research on the relationships between urban form and health and illustrates some of these effects by comparing statistics on life expectancy and the frequency of heart attacks among inhabitants of different urban districts in the Norwegian capital Oslo. Since we have only had access to aggregate figures at the level of urban districts, the results must be interpreted with caution. The currently available results do, however, suggest that the densification strategies often recommended for reducing the ecological footprints of cities might be encumbered with some important drawbacks, seen from a public health perspective. Based on the findings, some dilemmas and perspectives for sustainability- and health-oriented urban planning are discussed.     

Political Science and U.S. Health Policy in the Era of the Affordable Care Act

Few laws have a profound and lasting impact on an entire political system. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), despite its incremental nature and bipartisan heritage, has been one of those remarkable landmarks. Even a decade after its passage, the political struggle is far from over, as the ACA is still facing near constant threats from the incumbent president, Congress, the courts, statehouses, attorneys general, and governors across the nation. How have political scientists responded to the continued struggle? This article provides an overview of the effects of health reform and the ACA on political science research since 2008. While political scientists have written much about the subject, coverage has been distinctly uneven within the discipline. Indeed, it has almost been entirely confined to scholars of public and health policy. Nonetheless, there have been important contributions across disciplinary fields. This article provides an overview of contributions embedded within the study of federalism, policy feedback effects, and political framing. It concludes by emphasizing the need for more engaged scholarship on health policy issues from across the entire discipline, and by highlighting other areas of study that could benefit from broader attention by political scientists.     

江苏省城乡公共服务发展差距及其障碍因素分析

以江苏省13个省辖市为研究样本,通过构建评价教育、卫生、环境和基础设施等公共服务指标体系,运用熵值法、协调度模型和障碍度模型等方法,对江苏各省辖市的城乡公共服务发展水平进行综合评价。结果表明:①城乡公共服务发展水平区域分异明显;②不同类型公共服务发展水平城乡差距各不相同,基础教育服务城乡差距明显,医疗卫生服务乡村远落后于城市,生态环境服务城乡差距相对较小,基础设施服务城乡差距位居中等;③城乡公共服务协调发展水平可以划分为四种类型,城乡基础教育和医疗卫生等服务领域发展水平差距是影响多数省辖市城乡公共服务协调发展的最大障碍因素。     

Sanitized Modernity: Rural Public Health in Mid-Twentieth Century Khuzestan

Existing histories of public health in Iran often center on elite or urban narratives. This paper shifts the focus to Iran’s villages by examining the twentieth century public health history of rural northern Khuzestan. It argues that Khuzestani villagers desired, rather than resisted, modern medical services. However, vertical decision-making and the prioritization given by public health planners to economic concerns over social well-being led to the uneven distribution of services and failure to fulfill the expectations of Khuzestan’s villagers. This paper uses memoirs, official reports, correspondence, and other records from the Development & Resources Corporation, along with reports from Iran’s Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, to bring a richer picture of Iranian villagers’ twentieth century history into focus.     

Central Park against the streets: the enclosure of public space cultures in mid-nineteenth century New York

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-à-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park's strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.     

Constructing the sidewalks: municipal government and the production of public space in Los Angeles,California, 1880–1920

The process of creating public spaces has been one of defining what constitutes public activities and how they can occur. This was as true for the sidewalks as for spaces such as the roadbed, parks and markets. The sidewalks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were used for commercial, political and social activities. During this period, the Los Angeles municipal government and urban residents constructed hundreds of miles of sidewalks along with other street improvements. In response to differing claims to the sidewalks and varying interests in the purpose of the streets, the city began to emphasize pedestrian circulation and through its process, the pedestrian was defined as the public for which the sidewalks were provided. As sidewalks were legally defined as public ways, the more clearly and narrowly the notion of the public was construed, and fewer activities had guaranteed access. In this paper, we explore different types of claims to sidewalks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. We discuss sidewalk provision, abutters' use and responsibility, and the regulation of commercial and speech activities. The examination of municipal response to conflicting demands by property owners, merchants, political and charitable organizations, and other interested parties about sidewalk use helps us to better understand the process by which public space and public activities were defined.     

山西省稷山县农村公共卫生事业述评(1949～1984年)——以太阳村(公社)为重点考察对象

山西省稷山县太阳村(公社)是集体化时代闻名全国的卫生红旗单位,其公共卫生工作及合作医疗制度建设成绩斐然,具有明显的典型意义和时代特征。不过,这种农村公共卫生事业是建立在计划经济体制和高度集中的政治体制以及较低医疗保障水平基础上的,并与历次政治运动关系密切。改革开放后,经济体制逐渐向市场经济过渡,稷山县公共卫生事业因难以适应新的社会经济体制而最终走向了衰落,但其经验和教训可为今后创新农村公共卫生事业、建立新型合作医疗体系提供有益的借鉴。     

Environmental Health Policy in Ukraine After the Chernobyl Accident

The 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine produced severe environmental health problems. This paper reports on the environmental health conditions in Ukraine after the accident and the health policy approaches employed to respond to the environmental conditions and health problems. Crisis conditions and a period of rapid change in Ukraine contributed to the difficulties of developing and implementing policy to address serious environmental health problems. Despite these difficulties, Ukraine is taking effective action. The paper describes the primary environmental health problem areas and the efforts taken to solve them. The effect of intense public fear of radiation on policymaking is described. The paper discusses the ability of public fear to distort health policy towards certain problems, leaving problems of greater importance with fewer resources.     

An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition

Oratory, the act of speaking in public on civic matters, remained a male prerogative in the United States until the 1830s, when increasing numbers of women began ignoring the taboo and established a female oratorical tradition. This essay outlines how American women claimed the authority to speak and then developed their tradition, which was a social reform in itself, over three generations. It then examines how the youthful Jane Addams, a member of the third generation who became a social reformer, gained her education as an orator and struggled in new ways with society’s continuing doubts about women's civic authority.