视点

近日,北大校长周其凤在长沙的一次演讲,成了一则不折不扣的罗生门公案。《潇湘晨报》的报道说,周其凤声称“美国的教育一塌糊涂。他们的每一任总统都不懂得尊重人,总是把自己的意愿强加给别人”。而《中国青年报》在其后的调查中引用的原文是：“美国的教育对于培养合格的或者说优秀的美国公民,这是很成功的,……在培养世界公民这个角度来说,我认为美国的教育是一塌糊涂。它培养的人,也就是说他们感到骄傲的是他们的总统,哪个总统懂得尊重人家？就想欺负人家,就想把它的价值观强加于人,就想按照美国说怎么样就怎么样办。所以,从这个角度来说美国的教育是一塌糊涂。”因此,《中国青年报》断言周其风演讲“遭标题党拆解”。     

淮安与明清小说名著

谈到明清小说名著,通常讲《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》和《红楼梦》四大名著。如果再加上《儒林外史》就是“五大名著”,这“五大名著”中,可以说有四部与淮安有关。     

苏联10大未解之谜

苏联解体20年了,历史学家还有太多的问题要研究和探讨。最近,美国《外交政策》杂志列出人们最想知道的苏联10大未解之谜。     

《论语·里仁》：“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”新解

定州汉墓竹简本《论语》可补充后代学从残存的郑玄《论语注》等材料中辨别《古论》、《鲁论》、《齐论》异同的不足。今本《论语》中属于《鲁论》的部分,或《鲁论》对古《论语》解读的一些内容,是从今本《论语》中难以辨别和看到的,但幸运的是竹简本《论语》的出土提供了一些线索,从中可看出一些端倪。竹简本《论语》“君子于义,小人踰于利。”一句与今本《论语》在字上就有差异,笔认为竹简本中此句当属《鲁论》,“踰”应理解成“超过”、“超出”的意思,这种理解是与孔子思想相符的。     

1938，苏联飞机落道县

1994年出版的《道县志》中《大事记》里,有这样一句话：民国27年,“8月,苏联三架援华飞机分别降落于访尧滩,亥竹、阳乐田”。这是笔者走访了阳乐田村,通过亲历此事的村中老人讲述,揭开了一段尘封68年的历史。     

浅论王蒙《苏联祭》中的苏联音乐情结简

在王蒙的创作生涯的中，音乐是他生活的一部分，是他生命的一部分，有时候甚至是他创作的一个非常重要的、头等重要的部分，是对青春、革命与爱情的礼赞，是对美好生活的热爱。尤其是在《苏联祭》中引用的苏联音乐，如《莫斯科郊外的晚上》《喀秋莎》《山楂树》等，编织出了一种独特的交响效果，更是折射出一种深沉的苏联音乐情结，以此铸就了王蒙积极乐观的人生态度。     

楚辞“乱曰”新证

《离骚》：“乱曰：已矣哉,国无人莫我知兮,又何怀乎故都。”王逸注云：“乱,理也。所以发理词指,总撮其要也。”除《离骚》外,《涉江》、《哀郢》、《抽思》、《怀沙》、《招魂》等作品中也有“乱曰”。《康熙字典》云：“又乐之卒章曰乱。”“乱”应该训为理,还是训为乐之卒章?本文将谈谈我的意见和理由。     

谈清华简《祭公》《邦家处位》中的“■”字

清华简《祭公》《邦家处位》中均有“■”字,学者多从整理者将该字读为“袭”。将《祭公》简文与今本《逸周书·祭公》进行对校,并结合古人的表达习惯,《祭公》中的“■”应读为“及”,训为“追”,与今本《逸周书·祭公》对应的“追”是同义替代的关系,“及学于文武之曼德”意为追随效仿文王、武王的美德。《邦家处位》中的“■”也应读为“及”,训为“至”,“恩宠不及”意为恩宠不至。     

从《论语》看孔子的“因材施教”思想

孔予的“因材施教”思想在其整个教育理论中占有重要地位,而作为孔子言论集成的《论语》则充分体现了这种思想。“因材施教”的例子在《论语》中有许多。“因材施教”的前提是对“材”的全面认识。它的落实是建立在将学生分类,依据其各自特点、年龄、爱好等区别施教基础之上的。“因材施教”不仅是孔子教育方法的创新,更是他对学生爱心、仁德的表现,这是最为可贵之处,也是后人应该学习的地方。     

广西最早的学者——陈钦

陈钦（？-公元15年）,字子佚,世居交州苍梧郡广信县（治所在今梧州市）。陈钦自幼即受到良好教育,熟习《易》、《书》、《诗》、《春秋》和《礼记》。西汉成帝刘鳌时（约公元前32年至公元7年）,被交州刺史以“茂才”（即秀才）荐举,到京城长安后被任为“五经博士”,不久,又获举荐为教育刘汉皇家子弟及族戚和掌管朝廷君臣祭祀宗庙礼仪的太常官员。陈钦博览群书,才华出众,对《左传》一书尤为精通,[第一段]     

中国俄国史研究百年检视与思考

中俄交往始于蒙古西征和金帐汗国时代(1238-1480年),中国学人撰写俄国史自1878年刊印的鹭江奇迹人的《俄国志略》,到今天已经有整整140年的历史。中国的俄国史学科伴随民族命运、国家危机以及世界形势的变化而生,自诞生之日起即负有学人情怀、民族重任和学术职责三重使命。因此,俄国史学科在中国一直发挥着“知夷”和“盗火”的两大作用。中华人民共和国成立后,俄国史(包括苏联时期和俄罗斯联邦时期)研究获得了70年的巨大发展,主要成就有:1985年中国苏联东欧史研究会成立(1992年英文更名为中国俄罗斯东欧中亚史研究会),高等院校、社会科学院、党校、国家有关部委及党政机构纷纷设立俄国史或俄罗斯问题研究机构,建立了从历史学学士、俄国史硕士到俄国史博士的三级专业人才培养体系,俄国史和俄罗斯问题研究的专业期刊创立并连续出版,大量的俄国通史、中俄(中苏)关系史、专题著作、各类教科书、翻译著作(来自俄文、英法、法文、德文、波兰文等)出版,中国俄国史学者积极参与国际学术会议和国际合作研究,具有中国特色的中国“俄罗斯学”新学科正在建立过程中。     

“Genocide is Fascism in Action”: Aron Trainin and Soviet Portrayals of Genocide

ABSTRACT

This article examines the Soviet legal scholar Aron Trainin’s evolving writings on international law. Initially, Trainin formulated aspects of his concept of “crimes against peace” as a sort of Soviet alternative to Raphael Lemkin’s crimes of barbarity and vandalism. Crimes against peace both converged with the larger international movement to outlaw aggressive war, provided a Soviet alternative to proposed international crimes that they believed would threaten Soviet sovereignty, and provided a Soviet response to Lemkin’s proposals to outlaw mass killings. During World War II, Trainin articulated the Nazi extermination of the Jews as “crimes against peaceful civilians,” linking the Nazi atrocities to his concept of crimes against peace. Trainin’s concept of “crimes against peaceful civilians” encompassed the atrocities of the Holocaust while also asserting that the Soviet experience of the war – most notably Soviet sacrifice and suffering – meant that the Soviets should determine how international criminal law punished the war’s perpetrators. After World War II, when it became clear that genocide, rather than “crimes against peace” or “crimes against peaceful civilians,” was becoming the primary concept in international law to understand mass killings, Trainin portrayed the concept of genocide according to the perspective of Soviet propaganda, opposing an international criminal court for genocide, supporting the concept of cultural genocide, and portraying genocide as an inevitable outcome of capitalism. At the same time, Trainin and the Soviets never abandoned his concept of “crimes against peace,” portraying capitalism as inherently bound up with war and genocide. Trainin was the most significant genocide scholar in the Soviet Union, and his work exemplifies both the ways in which Soviet approaches to international law converged with other approaches, and the ways in which the Soviet Union diverged from non-Soviet international law.     

New Historiography for the cultivation of the character of the “new citizen”: Liang Qichao’s ideas of history education and their practice

ABSTRACT

An advocate for modern Chinese historiography, Liang Qichao’s “new historiography” was ideologically quite closely tied to traditional Confucian historiography: his idea of “historiography” was both a form of scholarship for the provision of knowledge, as well as a type of learning for the cultivation of moral character. The fundamental objective of “new historiography” was to use the history of national development and evolution to educate the people, helping them to become nationally conscious “citizens.” However, according to Liang Qichao’s conception of history, the nationalist aspect of “new historiography” ultimately rested in the cultivation of individual character, not in imparting the concept of nationhood. During the movement to “systematize national heritage,” in his practicing of historiography, Liang primarily studied and compiled Chinese academic and intellectual histories, focusing particularly on Confucian history: he interpreted Confucianism and the cream of Chinese scholarship as a kind of “philosophy of life.” Liang’s historiographical practices eventually took shape as a form of moral education to cultivate the leading talents of society when the country was going through a transformation, while in the process signaling his profound repudiation of the empirical emphasis in historical research of the times.     

Missing Links. Indigenous Life and Evolutionary Thought in the History of Russian Ethnography

The history of Russian social anthropology has long been best known for the work of three, late nineteenth-century “exile ethnographers,” each sent to the Russian Far East for their anti-tsarist activities as students. All three men—Vladimir Bogoraz, Vladimir Iokhel'son, and Lev Shternberg—produced voluminous and celebrated works on Russian far eastern indigenous life, but it was the young Shternberg who had perhaps the most profound effect on setting the agenda for the canonic evolutionist line soon to take hold in late Russian imperial and early Soviet ethnography. This essay draws on archival, library, and field research to revisit the life and work of Shternberg in order to tell the story of “group marriage” that he documented for the life of one Sakhalin Island indigenous people, Gilyaks (or Nivkhgu, Nivkhi). Documented in this way by Shternberg, the Nivkh kinship system proved a crucial “missing link” for Friedrich Engels, who had long been eager to provide evidence of primitive communism as man's natural state. For Gilyaks, the die was cast. Their role as the quintessential savages of Engels’ favor made them famous in Russian and Soviet ethnographic literature, and significantly enhanced their importance to Soviet government planners. This essay tracks that episode and its aftermaths as a pivotal moment in the history of Russian social anthropology and of evolutionist thought more broadly.     

“生态环境”用语产生的特殊时代背景

本文随着地理学家黄秉维院士的回顾,对1980-1982年五届全国人大宪法修改过程中,将草案中的“生态平衡”改为“生态环境”一词、并写入宪法的过程,再现出来予以分析讨论,认为“生态环境”概念提出的背景是全球和中国谋求环境保护事业发展的时代潮流,侧重的是人民生存于其中的自然环境的生态质量,具有积极的社会昭示作用和教育意义,不宜仅从学理上认为“生态环境”的提法有错,因为真实的世界往往比学者头脑中的理论思维更精彩。学术界于2005年5月展开的对“生态环境”、“生态环境建设”概念的研讨,贡献了许多真知灼见,然而,从“生态环境”一词在人大常委会产生过程的基本事实判断,它属于具有相对独立性的政府用语(法定名词),而非严格的科技名词,主要使用于国家行政管理层面,而学术研究中则主要是尊重学者自己的理解和创作。至于如何健全政府用语、消除政府不当用语在国家社会生活中可能带来的负面影响,正是学术界应该积极探讨的问题。     

Platform,Podium, and Public Life: Rhetorical Resilience in the Career of Elocutionist Edna Sutherland

This article extends recent scholarship on women’s rhetorical education and practices, which has focused primarily on the experiences of American women, by analyzing the career of Canadian elocutionist Edna Sutherland (1869–1956). Despite the tendency in Canada’s postsecondary institutions to marginalize public speaking instruction as a merely “practical” concern, Sutherland pursued a 35-year academic career, teaching voice culture and becoming Dean of Women successively at the University of Manitoba and Manitoba College. The article examines her negotiation of local circumstances to achieve this success as an instance of rhetorical resilience. Ultimately, Sutherland’s performative abilities complemented her private and college teaching, while the cultural authority she gained as a result supported her contributions to public life, many focused on opportunities for women. The article considers as well how American and British influences on her advocacy for speech training may reflect broader national trends.     

1949-1956年中国科技领导体制探析

新中国成立后,以何种组织形式和方法领导科学工作是当时党和政府面临的一个重要问题。中国科学院作为“主管国家科学事业的政府职能部门”和“全国科学领导中心”,探索建立了专门委员制度、专业工作委员会和学部制度,逐渐确立了在新中国科学事业中的学术领导地位。全国科联是自然科学各专门学会的联合组织,是中国科学院进行学术领导的“群众基础”。中宣部科学(卫生)处和政务院文化教育委员会是党和政府领导中国科学院工作的主要机构,其中中宣部科学(卫生)处在实际工作中发挥了更为重要的作用。     

From Academic Nitpicking to a =New Culture Movement＇： How Newspapers Turned Academic Debates into the Center of ~May Fourth＂

Abstract In early 1919, people like Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were regarded as members of an ivory-tower ＂academic faction＂ （xuepai）, embroiled in a debate with an opposing ＂faction.＂ After the May Fourth demonstrations, they were praised as the stars of a ＂New Culture Movement.＂ However, it was not obvious how the circle around Hu Shi and Chert Duxiu was associated with the May Fourth demonstrations. This link hinged on the way in which newspapers like Shenbao reported about the academic debates and the political events of May Fourth. After compartmentalizing the debating academics into fixed xuepai, Shenbao ascribed warlord-political allegiances to them. These made the Hu-Chen circle look like government victims and their ＂factional＂ rivals like the warlords＇ allies. When the atmosphere became hostile to the government during May Fourth, Hu Shi＇s ＂faction＂ became associated with the equally victimized May Fourth demonstrators. Their ideas were regarded as （now popular） expressions of anti-government sentiment, and soon this was labeled the core of the ＂New Culture Movement.＂ The idea and rhetoric of China＇s ＂New Culture Movement＂ in this way emerged out of the fortuitous concatenation of academic debates, newspaper stories, and political events.     

The Picture of Artificial Intelligence and the Secularization of Thought

ABSTRACT

This article offers a critical interpretation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a philosophical notion which exemplifies a secular conception of thinking. One way in which AI notably differs from the conventional understanding of “thinking” is that, according to AI, “intelligence” or “thinking” does not necessarily require “life” as a precondition: that it is possible to have “thinking without life.” Building on Charles Taylor’s critical account of secularity as well as Hubert Dreyfus’ influential critique of AI, this article offers a theological analysis of AI’s “lifeless” picture of thinking in relation to the Augustinian conception of God as “Life itself.” Following this critical theological analysis, this article argues that AI’s notion of thinking promotes a societal privilege of certain rationalistic or calculative ways of thought over more existential or spiritual ways of thinking, and thereby fosters a secularization or de-spiritualization of thinking as an ethical human practice.     

Der Lexikograf Gerhard Wahrig – Systemgrenzen und Ressourcen: Zur Entstehung seines Projekts „Wörterbuch als Datenbank“

Systems, Boundaries and Resources: The Lexicographer Gerhard Wahrig (1923–1978) and the Genesis of his Project “Dictionary as Database”. Gerhard Wahrig’s private archive has recently been retrieved by the authors and their siblings. We undertake a first survey of the unpublished material and concentrate on those aspects of Wahrig’s bio-ergography which stand in relation to his life project “dictionary as database”, realised shortly before his death. We argue that this project was conceived in the 1950s, while Wahrig was writing and editing dictionaries and encyclopedias for the Bibliographisches Institut in Leipzig. Wahrig, who had been a wireless operator in WWII, was well informed about the development of computers in West Germany. He was influenced both by Ferdinand de Saussure and by the discussion on language and structure in the Soviet Union. When he crossed the German/German border in 1959, he experienced mechanisms of exclusion before he could establish himself in the West as a lexicographer. We argue that the transfer of symbolic and human capital was problematic due to the cultural differences between the two Germanies. In the 1970s, he became a professor of General and Applied Linguistics. The project of a “dictionary as database” was intended both as a basis for extensive empirical research on the semantic structure of natural languages and as a working tool for the average user of the German language. Due to his untimely death, he could not pursue his idea of exploring semantic networks.