国家政权建设下乡村的权力和秩序——以民国前期贾汪矿区为中心

民国前期贾汪矿区的政治生态和社会秩序,随着国家政权建设的逐步深入,呈阶段性起伏波动之势。民初对绅权既尊重又约束的制度安排,保障了矿区的有序发展。1920年代末国家权力全面扩张,政治失意、经济受损的乡村"保护人"即曾为地方利益代言的乡绅投向逐利性基层国家权力,转化为渔利型掮客,导致矿区失序。1933年国家权力重新调整后,新崛起的地方精英与职能强化的地方政府致力于乡村利益和社会公正,修复了矿区秩序。矿区政治和秩序的变化,从根本上说是政权建设中制度变革特别是国家权力配置不断调适的结果,区域性生态环境的影响并不明显;而忽视这种阶段性特征,单纯说政权建设成功或失败有失偏颇。     

论转型时期地方政府权力格局的变迁

改革开放冲破了传统体制下的单极权力结构,国家与社会关系出现重大变化,政府权力向经济领域、社会领域转移,中央权力向地方转移。地方政府既向市场、企业、社会转移了相当部分的权力,同时又拥有部分市场主体的权利和利益,没有逾越行政分权所致的弊端。地方政府最终只有将经济剩余分享权和控制权、社会管理权和自治权重新回归企业、市场和社会,才是地方政府权力格局优化的长期目标和最优选择。     

民国时期地方精英的乡村治理及其归宿探析——以20世纪三四十年代宛西为例

<正>地方精英理论是西方学者首先提出的。美国社会学家米尔斯(C.WrightMills)认为,"精英"是指居于社会统治地位的权力集团,确切地说,是指少数高智能的人们,他们居于社会上层,拥有较高的个人素质并运用大量社会和政治权力,以此与大众相区分。[1]民国时期,地方精英实际上在地方舞台上(县、尤其县以下)起着支配作用",地方精英具体到20世纪二、三十年代的宛西[2]精英,应包括自治领袖、民团首领、基层区镇保长中小学校长,以及部分     

十九世纪末鲁西南地方权力结构与民教冲突

19世纪末鲁西南地区频繁发生的教案、民教冲突与地方权力结构有着极其密切的关系,正是楔入乡土社会的教会势力破坏了地方上的权力结构,并与传统的地方权力结构分享乡土社会的控制民众权,使得以官绅为代表的地方权力阶层权势和利益受损,才导致了由地方权力阶层领导的反洋教运动。因此与其说双方的冲突是一种侵略与反侵略斗争或宗教与文化的冲突,不如说是双方利益和权力的争夺保卫战。     

清末地方学务诉讼及其解决方式——以清末四川地方捐施诉讼为个案的探讨

在四川各地档案馆保存的大量晚清地方学务档案中,众多反映因捐施而引起纠纷的案例,向我们展示了乡村权力日常运作的真实图景。基层学绅在学事诉讼纠纷中扮演的角色,劝学所视学在学事纠纷裁判中的作用,地方官审断学事诉讼纠纷的取向,展示了士绅在参与政府现代化方案的过程中,自身的权力也得到伸张。他们通过参与地方学务与国家权力之间建立了更加密切的联系。这不仅对传统国家与地方关系,而且对地方社会权力构造的变化产生了十分深远的影响。     

清末地方学务诉讼及其解决方式——以清末四川地方捐施诉讼为个案的探讨北大核心CSSCI

在四川各地档案馆保存的大量晚清地方学务档案中,众多反映因捐施而引起纠纷的案例,向我们展示了乡村权力日常运作的真实图景。基层学绅在学事诉讼纠纷中扮演的角色,劝学所视学在学事纠纷裁判中的作用,地方官审断学事诉讼纠纷的取向,展示了士绅在参与政府现代化方案的过程中,自身的权力也得到伸张。他们通过参与地方学务与国家权力之间建立了更加密切的联系。这不仅对传统国家与地方关系,而且对地方社会权力构造的变化产生了十分深远的影响。     

茶馆、戏园与通俗教育——晚清民国时期成都的娱乐与休闲政治

晚清民国时期的茶馆戏园,作为公共空间为大众提供娱乐,从中除了可以了解人们在茶馆戏园的日常生活外,还可以看到改良精英和地方政府竭力改革戏曲作为控制大众娱乐的一部分,把他们的政治灌输在表演的节目之中,把他们所认为的"新的"、"进步的"情节加入到传统戏曲中,以"教育"民众.精英和国家对茶馆戏园的改良和控制揭示了大众文化与精英文化之间、地方文化的独特性与国家文化的同一模式之间的斗争.在国家权力及其文化霸权之下,大众娱乐不可避免地被改变了.但国家要达到控制的目的远非轻而易举,从晚清改革到国民政府的崩溃,成都地方文化和习惯堡垒顽固地坚守着它们的防线,充分显示了近代中国文化变化与持续性同时并存这样一个重要的历史现象.     

权力“属性-结构”视角下民族旅游社区精英的变迁特征及机制研究

社区精英直接决定着社区治理和旅游发展的方向和效果。文章以贵州省黔东南州黄岗侗寨为案例地，构建基于权力“属性-结构”的民族旅游社区精英分析框架，探究社区精英的个体和群体变迁特征并归纳其机制。研究发现：（1）旅游驱动下社区精英的经济资本市场化、知识资本应用化、文化资本公有化、政治资本集中化、社会资本利益化特点显著；（2）政治精英和经济精英权力作用范围扩大，知识精英权力作用转型，传统精英衰退且作用范围缩小，精英呈现家族式集聚的特征；（3）社区精英权力关系网络结构紧密且互动频率增加，政治精英的网络中心性地位凸显，精英作为中间人频次增多且角色日渐丰富；（4）社区经济和社会结构变革、旅游市场需求规模化增长、特有的社会关系与民族传统、权力资本特性等因素合力推动了民族旅游社区精英权力属性和权力结构的变迁。     

废科举后清末乡村学务中的权势转移

科考废止,学堂制度植入乡村社会,引发了乡村社会内部权力格局的变动。依据科举制度安身立命或完成上升性社会流动的原既得利益群体,遭遇到不同程度的困厄命运。与此同时,随着学务权在地方行政系统中重要性的日益显著,造成了新的权力资源在国家一社会以及乡村精英内部各派势力之间的重新分配。过渡时代的乡村权力网络、不同群体以兴办学务为契机分别置身其中,分享权力又相互争夺对权力的主导权。他们之间的这种矛盾关系,又并非处在一种简单的“新”、“旧”对立或现代与传统的对立当中。掩映于简单对立之下,实为地方权力资源因地域、时势等条件的差异在不同利益群体间的重新配置。学务场域内权力关系的变动折射出过渡时期乡村社会内部复杂的权力格局。     

由鄞县方志看地方精英选择和记载的历史演变

地方志既代表着正统的国家意识形态,又蕴含了地方绅士(志书编撰者)的普遍观念,编纂方志时筛选人物的过程,也是选择和记载地方精英的过程。同治《鄞县志》、民国《鄞县通志》以及1996年版《鄞县志》三部鄞县志书的人物篇,反映入选方志的“地方精英”群体有着非常丰富的类型和时代特色,除传统“忠臣义士烈妇贞女”外,还包括能工巧匠、高僧道士、商帮领袖、社会贤达、革命烈士等等。选择和记载标准(包括功名身份地位、社会贡献、价值理念等等)也随时代有所变化,但都体现当时的主流价值观。探究古代、民国、当代三个时期地方精英选择和记载的变迁,可以从中了解中国独特的史志教化传统。     

地方志事业创新发展刍议

中共十七届六中全会提出了“建设社会主义文化强国”的战略目标。地方志事业作为社会主义文化建设的重要组成部分,在凝聚民族精神、增强中华文化软实力、建设社会主义文化强国等方面的地位更加突出、作用更加重要、任务更加艰巨。只有弘扬改革创新精神,坚持推进地方志事业的创新发展,才能不断解放和发展文化生产力,才能不断开创地方志工作的新局面,为推动地方志事业大发展、大繁荣提供强大动力。     

辛亥革命时期的民团与社会权势转移--以《江西民报》为中心的研究

地方军事化是我们探讨中国传统社会结构与政治体制转型的重要视角,它集中体现了国家对地方社会控制权的下移和基层社会的“自治化”进程。辛亥革命时期民团的大量出现,标志着地方社会军事化的形成。民团在由“民间自办”到“官督民办”过程中,逐渐成为基层社会新的权力中心和新、旧社会力量重组的舞台。民团的兴起与发展,集中地反映了晚清以来的地方自治进程与新政时期的地方政治格局,揭示了中国近代社会变迁的内在机制。     

The Street Corps of Changsha around 1920

The Changsha Street Corps originated in the local militia during the period of the Taiping Rebellion, and it played an important part in Changsha’s urban social management at the grassroots level. However, the role and influence of the street corps underwent changes during the process of modernization and the building of the modern nation–state. By 1920, although the street corps of Changsha still worked as the agent of the state at the grassroots level, its autonomy had been curtailed, and its social influence weakened. In the new social environment, even the maintenance of neighborhood interests became a challenge for the street corps. This article illustrates the readjustments in geopolitical and industrial relations during the process of urban modernization. It also illustrates how a new form of state power, namely the police, infiltrated the social management system, affected the traditional social structure, and complicated the interaction between modern state and society.     

从有关公众事件看方志文化的发展

方志文化从来都是小众文化,局限于社会精英阶层,传播和利用极为有限。在建设社会主义文化强国的今天,方志界内外都提出了方志文化大众化的问题,并开始了方志文化由传统的小众化向当代的大众化转变的探索与实践。在党和国家深化文化体制改革,推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣的时代背景下,方志界应当抓住机遇,争取将方志文化纳入国家文化发展战略,成为国家文化发展战略的有机组成部分,从国家文化发展战略的高度规划方志文化的发展和建设,进一步推动方志文化的科学发展,为经济建设、社会发展和社会大众服务,为中华民族的伟大复兴贡献应有的力量。     

From the familiar to the extraordinary: local residents' perceptions of risk when living with nuclear power in the UK

Nearly two decades since the last nuclear power station was built and began operating in the UK, nuclear energy is firmly back on the political agenda domestically and elsewhere in the world. Yet since the 1980s, little research has investigated perceptions of nuclear power in the UK, particularly those of communities living in very close proximity to such facilities. Using biographical narrative interviews (n = 61), we explore how local residents living close to two nuclear power stations in the UK (Bradwell, Essex and Oldbury, South Gloucestershire) have come to view their local facility. We reveal how the power station is constructed through processes of familiarisation and/or the normalisation/normification of risk as part of everyday life; how this ordinariness is juxtaposed with moments of extraordinariness in which, due to direct and mediated events, the power station is reframed as a risk issue; and how risk awareness is associated with moments of anxiety which ebb and flow through our interviewees' lives. We conclude that biographical experiences dynamically unfolding through space and time can be interrupted by risk events (mediated and direct, real and symbolic, nuclear and non-nuclear) to disrupt the usually taken-for-granted ordinariness of a power station's presence in a particular locality. Our findings suggest that those involved in debate about new nuclear build must be sensitive to the heterogeneity of the extraordinary in nuclear affairs and the importance of socio-cultural histories of place.     

Securing Modernity: Towards an Ethnography of Power in Contemporary Melanesia

ABSTRACT Contemporary public discourses, which depict Melanesian nation states as weak or as having failed, serve to legitimize the imposition of external, neo‐paternal, regulatory structures on former colonies. Such discourses problematise the numerous local experiments that combine custom, state structures and religion so as to create modern Melanesian ways of governing. Starting with the colonial policy of indirect rule, Melanesia has had a long history of experiments that have sought to tie together different regimes of power in relays, which are meant to remediate, supplement and strengthen state structures. Today, those relays are pathologised as dysfunctional precisely because they can be used to subvert, contest and divert state programs. Current political problems arising from growing ethnic and economic divisions are producing new conflicts, new moral languages for figuring evil, and new tactics and technologies of power. Many of these new experiments seek to reconnect the nation state with the moral authority, pastoral regimes, and individualizing practices of Christianity.     

全球与地方的契合:权力与生产网络的二维治理

企业间关键资源的不均衡引致权力关系的不对称,强势企业得以领导以其为核心的企业网络。由于生产环节的组织和地域上的可分割性,居于权力优势地位的领先公司在全球招募企业组成生产网络。全球购买型领先公司通过外包与地方生产网络建立新的关系拓扑,地方生产网络的治理以全球商品链为纽带,嵌入到以领先公司为主导的全球价值链治理体系中。全球生产型领先公司跨境投资时无法将生产网络全盘复制,以其为主导的跨界生产网络的治理需要通过各种权力的博奕和管理上的互动来实现。     

Observation and assessment of local economic development with regard to the application of the local multiplier

This contribution deals with the observation and evaluation of the issues of local economic development with a focus on the relatively new method of the local multiplier LM3. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the application possibilities of selected tools for the analysis of local economic development, in order to verify the effectiveness of the methodology of the local multiplier LM3 and to discuss the possibilities of its practical use. This LM3 method is perceived to be one of the convenient methods on how to capture certain components of local economic development. This indicator of the power of local economies is verified within field research in two case studies conducted in the ?umava region in Southwest Bohemia. The added value of this contribution is both methodological and practical. Currently, there exist only very few studies using the LM3 method in the Czech Republic and they do not offer satisfying evaluation of possible broader use of this method in the area of local development in the specific Czech regions. Having summarized two new case studies, this article contributes to the methodological discussion of the LM method and includes concrete practical recommendations for future research and also practical use.     

Une histoire de résidus : à propos des facteurs généraux et locaux de croissance régionale au Canada,de 1971 à 2001

Starting from an econometric model of local employment growth, applied to Canada (1971–2001), residuals—relative to model predictions—are analyzed over time and over space, in turn allowing us to draw a distinction between general explanatory variables and factors of a more local, cyclical or accidental nature. The model's explanatory power grows over time, founded on variables such as urban size, market access and industrial structure, allowing us to conclude that local employment growth in Canada follows an increasingly geographically predictable pattern. However, an examination of the residuals reveals more localized processes. Growth volatility is most manifest in Alberta and British Columbia, home to the most erratic local economies. Emerging patterns are visible in the last period, most notably the underperformance of Northern Ontario and of non‐metropolitan communities between Windsor and Québec City, lying along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence. The over‐performance—compared to model predictions — of small and mid‐sized towns in south‐eastern Québec can, on the other hand, be interpreted as a sign of truly local social processes, generally associated with a particularly dynamic local entrepreneurial class.