神工鬼斧的南宋漆器

漆器在我国工艺史上占有极重要的地位,数千年来历久常新,应用不衰,是古代工艺品中寿命最长、成就极高的一种。漆器在我国宋代的繁荣,史书多有记载。在宋代,漆器的工艺与技术有了长足的进展,并达到了较高的水准,但由于漆器不易保存,传世品甚少。历年来,在江浙一带两宋墓葬出土的随葬漆器虽然不少,但多数为朱、黑或酱色素漆器,一般均光素不加纹饰。采用一些特殊装饰手法的漆器,     

新干出土商代漆器玉附饰件探讨

本文认为,新干大洋洲商代大墓中出土的３件虎形玉扁足和４件镂空扉棱玉片,应是商代漆器上的扁足及漆鼎腹部装饰的扉棱,进而大致推定出漆鼎玉足和腹部扉棱玉片的镶嵌方法。     

山东日照海曲汉代夹纻胎漆器金银装饰工艺浅析

为了更好地探讨出土汉代夹纻胎漆器的金银装饰工艺,本研究运用显微镜等仪器,对山东日照海曲汉代墓地出土几件夹纻胎漆器的金银装饰工艺进行分析研究。研究发现:金饰片多镶嵌在漆灰层上的漆膜层中,银饰片和银构件多镶嵌在漆膜及漆灰层中;在金银饰与漆膜接界处有出于保护目的,且与周围图案相协调的描饰;金银装饰上的描饰与其周围的描饰图案融为一体。夹纻胎漆器的金银装饰工艺因金银饰件面,与漆膜层面高低,分为"粘贴"和"镶嵌"两类,本研究样品中暂未发现粘贴工艺。结合现代漆器装饰工艺调查结果,初步探讨了几件夹纻胎漆器金银的镶嵌工艺流程。本研究可利于汉代夹纻胎漆器金银装饰工艺的发掘、利用与传承。     

扣器源流

扣器是指在器物器日、器底、盖口、盖痛及器身等部位镶金属箍的漆器。金属箍主要起加固和装饰的作用。对于扣器,在一些漆器的论著中已多有提及,但尚无人对其源流加以系统探讨,且由于新的考古资料的出现,改变了原有的某些看法。因此,写此短文,以求教于学界。一、扣器的起深受到考古材料的限制,以前认为扣器始于战国①,但新出上的材料证明西周时期就已经有扣器了。1983－1986年在淬西张家坡的西周墓地出土了一批铜漆木器具。其中有7件铜扣,1件为漆木壶的口沿,6件分别为3件漆木蓄的器口和器底。这些铜扣均有折角,不但有利于镶嵌,而…     

海昏侯刘贺墓出土漆奁及相关问题研究

刘贺墓出土漆器是西汉中期漆器的典型代表。墓中随葬妆奁体现了西汉中期漆器手工业所取得的高度成就。出土的一部分漆器确为山东昌邑国所制,另一部分漆器来源并不单一。通过对比研究,笔者认为刘贺墓出土的有些漆器可能产自刘胥广陵国的官营作坊,至少其制作工艺、装饰风格、装饰纹样皆受到了广陵漆艺很深的影响。     

西汉饮酒具研究——以漆器为中心（下）

西汉漆器饮酒具主要有杯、卮、觯和高足杯,以杯、卮为主。作者根据器物型式及组合变化,将其分为西汉早期和中晚期两个发展阶段,在此基础上,论述了酒具的收纳与配套使用,装饰工艺及工官制度,以及使用者等级、性别的差异。     

湖北随州叶家山西周墓地出土漆器整理与研究

湖北随州叶家山曾国墓地至少有63座墓葬发现了漆器或漆器残片,许多漆器的器形、纹样可辨。经过科学发掘和整理,可以确认的器类主要有圆盘、豆、禁、觚（及棒形器）、杯、盾、弓、铜漆木复合壶等。叶家山墓地出土漆器,是近年来西周漆器最重要的发现之一,为研究西周时期漆器的形制、功能、器用等提供了重要材料。     

台西遗址漆器的渊源及遗址文化性质的探讨

陈旭同志在《商代手工业者》一文中,认为我国“商代有相当发达的手工业。当时的手工业已有青铜冶铸、陶瓷制造、制骨、玉石加工、木作、建筑、纺织、酿酒、车、船制造等生产部门,在这些生产部门中形成了一批具有较高技术和工艺水平的手工业者。”没有提到漆器,其实,无论是文献记载,还是地下发掘出土的资料,都可以证明:我国漆器起源甚早,到了商代,漆器制作工     

安徽出土西汉漆器的工艺特色

近些年,随着考古工作的深入开展,安徽西汉漆器收获颇丰,一批又一批保存较好的资料相继问世。品种涵盖生活用器、丧葬用器、乐器、车马兵器、杂器等,胎骨主要是木胎和夹纻胎,葫芦胎少量。成型工艺有镟制、夹纻、斫制、卷制、雕制、黏接等,漆色有朱、黑、银灰、黑褐、赭红、金黄、黑紫、红褐、灰绿、褐色。安徽出土的西汉漆器制作精巧、色彩鲜艳、花纹优美、装饰精致,又相当耐用,是当时价值高昂的商品。它们的问世见证了我国古代漆器制造业的发达和漆艺的先进,为研究汉代漆器制造和漆器文化增添了珍贵的资料。     

楚系墓葬出土漆木几研究

几是我国漆木家具中较早出现的一种类型。先秦时期的凭几为礼器。战国时期漆木几主要出土于楚系墓葬之中。溯其源流,目前未发现更早的楚几,但可以从楚式俎发展序列中得到启示,也可以从楚几承中原五几之制和遵从周礼中的授几杖之礼进行类推,说明早期楚式漆木家具是承夏、商、西周中原文化漆器体系发展而来的,至战国以来形成了自己独特的风格。     

现代化进程中的民主与威权--对巴西1964年军事政变经济根源的个案研究

根据传统的西方现代化理论,欠发达社会的现代化进程中,经济发展与政治民主是同步发展、相互促进的。但20世纪60年代以来非西方国家的政治发展现实对这一观点提出了挑战。在巴西,经济现代化带来了威权主义,而非民主政治。其原因在于巴西的现代化模式进口替代工业化的发展过程中,必然出现通货膨胀和国际收支危机,经济的进一步发展要求首先实行经济紧缩,而经济上的紧缩则要求政治上的权威。巴西1964年的政变虽只是一个个案,但它表明,不能用西方现代化“和谐的”、“直线的”道路来分析第三世界国家的现代化。     

Age-dependent bone loss in the femur in a medieval population

Age-dependent bone loss in femurs in a medieval skeletal assemblage from Wharram Percy, England was studied. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) in the proximal femur; radiogrammetry was used to measure cortical index (FEMCI) at the femur mid-shaft. Age-related loss of BMD was found in the proximal femur in both sexes. Females but not males showed loss of FEMCI. Patterning in bone loss with respect to age, sex and site in the skeleton resembled that seen in recent subjects. In this respect the results are similar to those of a previous study of metacarpal cortical bone in the same archaeological assemblage. Given the large difference in lifestyles, and that lifestyle factors are widely held to influence the severity of bone loss in osteoporosis, the similarities between the medieval and modern populations in the patterns of bone loss are surprising. These findings support those from an earlier study of these skeletons in calling into question the role of lifestyle factors in influencing the severity of bone loss in osteoporosis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rethinking Postgraduate Education in Geography: The Case of the Netherlands

This paper discusses reforms in postgraduate education in geography in the Netherlands in the context of Europeanization and globalization. Europeanization and globalization have resulted in challenges as well as opportunities for students and universities. In terms of internationalization, Europeanization and the global economic crisis have opposite effects. Although Europeanization has resulted in an increased international orientation of postgraduate students in geography, the global economic crisis and the resulting cuts in the university and students' budgets hamper other aspects of the internationalization of postgraduate education in the Netherlands.     

Extreme weather events in northeastern New Brunswick (Canada) for the period 1950–2012: Comparison of newspaper archive and weather station data

In the context of global warming, changes in extreme weather and climate events are expected, particularly those associated with changes in temperature and precipitation regimes and those that will affect coastal areas. The main objectives of this study were to establish the number of extreme events that have occurred in northeastern New Brunswick, Canada in recent history, and to determine whether their occurrence has increased. By using archived regional newspapers and data from three meteorological stations in a national network, the frequency of extreme events in the study area was established for the time period 1950–2012. Of the 282 extreme weather events recorded in the newspaper archives, 70% were also identified in the meteorological time series analysis. The discrepancy might be explained by the synergistic effect of co‐occurring non‐extreme events, and increased vulnerability over time, resulting from more people and infrastructure being located in coastal hazard zones. The Mann Kendall and Pettitt statistical tests were used to identify trends and the presence of break points in the weather data time series. Results indicate a statistically significant increase in average temperatures and in the number of extreme events, such as extreme hot days, as well as an increase in total annual and extreme precipitation. A significant decrease in the number of frost‐free days and extreme cold days was also found, in addition to a decline in the number of dry days.     

东亚大城市的大饭店历史沿革、现代发展及其城市功能

本文叙述了东亚大城市中的大饭店的历史沿革和现代化发展过程,着重分析了大饭店在城市中的表现形态和功能特色,并进一步探讨现代大饭店与城市现代化发展的相互适应和相互促进的紧密关系。文章着重介绍中国大陆的大饭店,并同日本,南韩的大饭店进行了对比研究。     

The multi-national state in modern world history: The Chinese experiment

The paper seeks to grasp the conditions under which the idea of the multi-national state developed in twentieth-century China. Although the idea of multiple nationalities was taking hold at the beginning of the twentieth-century in Europe—especially in Eastern Europe, it first found institutional expression in the Chinese Republic declared in 1912. While the grounds for the emergence have to do with the transition from empire to nation-state in many countries of the world, the idea in China also drew from imperial Chinese conceptions of an imperial federation. Moreover, the impact of the multi-national state in China was long-term and we can find an important dynamic of Chinese politics in this formation.     

Establishing insurance markets in settler economies. a comparison of Australian and South Africa insurance markets, 1820-1910

ABSTRACT

How did insurance markets in the settler economies of Australia and South Africa develop? This paper investigates the establishment of the local insurance industries in two settler economies in the wake of the absence of comparative studies in the emergence of insurance markets in the periphery. The paper compares conditions in these settler economies and notes the innovative role of local entrepreneurs. British insurance companies extended operations into the British colonies, but local interests emerged to challenge their dominance. Innovations in organisational form, product offerings and distribution channels afforded local entrepreneurs a competitive advantage in the life market. Collusion in the fire market restricted innovative practices and retained foreign control. This article explains the agency of local entrepreneurs in the emergence of insurance markets in two settler societies at the end of the nineteenth century. This historical development path has notable implications for the current development of insurance markets in Africa.     

Tricky business: Swiss perceptions of informal imperialism in China in the 1920s

This article analyzes the role that commercial interests played in Swiss perceptions of informal imperialism in China during the 1920s. Commercial interests were the driving force behind the establishment of Swiss relations with China in 1918 and Swiss rejections of Chinese demands to abolish extraterritoriality in the 1920s. Swiss commercial relations with China were deeply rooted in the social, economic, and political institutions and processes developed by informal imperialism in China. During the Chinese antiforeign agitation in the 1920s, the Swiss press criticized the unequal treaties as an example of imperialism in China but ignored Switzerland’s participation in it. This discrepancy between the official and media perceptions of Swiss commercial interests in China was caused by the fact that Switzerland’s dependence on privileges connected to the unequal treaties clashed with Swiss national mythology, which was based on neutrality and anti-imperial narratives. Moreover, the negligible importance attributed to Swiss trade with China and the increasing focus on the nationality of foreign companies in China allowed the Swiss media to ignore Swiss commercial interests in China. As a result, Swiss complicity in informal imperialism was downplayed by the Swiss press, which ignored the importance of Swiss commerce to Sino–Swiss relations.     

Reactionary modernism: Technology,culture, and politics in Weimar and the Third Reich

Scholarship on European imperialism in the Americas has become increasingly prominent in the historiography of early America after a long period when the subject was hardly discussed. Historians have come to see that local experience in the Americas needs to be placed in a wider, comparative Atlantic context. They have realised that what united most peoples’ experiences in the Americas was that they lived as colonial subjects within colonies that were part of imperial polities. This article examines recent writings on European empires in the Americas, relating imperial history to related developments in fields such as Atlantic history. It suggests that renewed attention to imperialism allows historians to discuss in a fruitful fashion the relationship between power and authority in the formation of colonial societies and draws attention to the continuing importance of metropolitan influence in the articulation of colonial identities.