Women and Guilds: Corporations and Female Labour Market Participation in Early Modern Holland

Recently, historians have suggested that the economic role of Dutch women and the remarkable economic development of the Dutch Republic are related. Guilds are said to have played an important role. This article analyses the female admission to guilds in early modern Holland in order to assess how guilds affected female labour participation. A classification of guilds according to their admittance of women reveals significant variations in the extent of incorporation of women. Gender norms were not rigid and were applied with flexibility. Thus, guilds formed no obstacle for women in contributing to the flourishing economy of the Dutch Republic.     

荷兰国王节 橙色海洋中的喜悦

<正>想在街头听免费音乐会?想跟着音乐的节拍自由舞动?想站在路边大吃大喝?那么,就请你在荷兰国王节当天,加入荷兰全国的疯狂派对吧!国王节当天,荷兰首都阿姆斯特丹水坝广场已被蜂拥而入的人潮掩盖。如同世界上很多国家的中心广场,水坝广场的四周皆由恢宏的建筑群组成。广场西面是新古典主义的王宫,十七世纪中期成为阿姆斯特丹市政厅,十九世     

荷兰Iweb 天空的飞碟

在北荷兰,有着悠久历史和皇家背景的工业技术学府——代尔夫特理工大学校园里,有一座用作建筑学院互动式设计实验室的“样板间”。当你看到这个建筑的时候,肯定会被它大胆、前卫的造型所折服,它在建筑群中独树一帜,乍眼看去,像是从天上突然掉下来的一样,不同于周边的任何一物,就好似天外来客。     

海牙 这些地方比国际法庭有趣一百倍

提到荷兰海牙,大多数人的脑海中除了国际法庭之外就是一片空白,真正来到这里小住几日,才发现这里有更多地方比国际法庭更值得看也更有趣,比如莫里茨皇家美术馆,比如席凡宁根海滩。当然,绑住我和海牙之间记忆的,还有新鲜实惠的海鲜,以及正宗到让人连吃了3顿的酸汤肥牛。国际法庭？我才没时间去。     

Graph theory's uses in formalizing anthropological theories

Hage, Per, and Frank Harary. Structural Models in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. xiv + 201 pp. including appendix, references, and index. $12.95 paper.     

Moralism in theories of secession: a realist perspective

Moral reasoning is the most common approach to secession in political philosophy. Just‐cause, choice and liberal‐cultural theories rely on moral conceptions of political authority. This article examines an alternative view through an exploration of moral theories of secession from a realist perspective. Realism has recently seen a revival as a form of normative political philosophy and focuses on political disagreement and legitimacy rather than rights and moral analysis. I claim that realism would reject utopianism and moralism present in theories of secession. Instead of regarding secession as a right, realism would frame secession as a political option. According to this view, this article explores a realist theory of secession that would be based on the priority of politics and disagreement among other concepts. This would be a middle‐ground theory, compatible with liberal values and existing moral theories.     

Two theories of resistance in the German Enlightenment*

ABSTRACT

Can there be a legal or a moral right to resist the government? Scholarly interest in the right of resistance has rarely focused on German philosophy, which has often been considered unusually committed to authority. Yet, during the Enlightenment German philosophers regularly attempted to justify not just conscientious refusal but also revolution. This essay explores the two dominant justifications, which were based in Wolffian perfectionism and Kantian relational theory. It argues that we can best understand the complexity of these theories of resistance by exploring their contrasting views on the state’s purpose: providing material and spiritual welfare, or establishing freedom as independence.     

European regional policies in light of recent location theories

Despite large regional policy expenditures, regional inequalitiesin Europe have not narrowed substantially over the last twodecades, and by some measures have even widened. Income differencesacross States have fallen, but inequalities between regionswithin each State have risen. European States have developedincreasingly different production structures. European regionshave also become increasingly polarised in terms of their unemploymentrates. This paper describes these trends, and discusses howrecent location theories can help us to explain them and toreconsider the role of regional policies, especially transportinfrastructure improvements, in such an environment.     

Plain lives in a golden age. Popular culture,religion and society in 17th-century Holland

Though it has rarely been the subject of academic criticism, there is a philosophy of truth that animates Jean-Jacques Rousseau's broader philosophical system. This philosophy of truth was unique for its time—in the same way as the whole of Rousseau's thought—in its emphasis on feeling over reason, the heart over the mind, the simple over the sophisticated, the useful over the demonstrable, the personal over the systematic. Rousseau's philosophy of truth might be more accurately called a ‘philosophy of truthseeking’ or an ‘ethics of truthseeking’, because its focus is on the pursuit and acquisition of truth rather than on the nature of truth itself. What was needed, Rousseau believed, was a guide back to the simple truths of human happiness—truths that were immediately apparent to us in our natural state but have become opaque in society. This article describes Rousseau's normative philosophy of truthseeking, of what human beings must do if they hope to (re)discover the truths of human happiness. This philosophy can be summarised as utility, autonomy, immediacy and simplicity in pursuit of what Rousseau called the ‘truths that pertain to the happiness of mankind’.     

章学诚创新谱牒学理论之功

章学诚是清代著名的史学家、思想家,毕生致力于讲学、著述、纂修史志和谱牒。他结合自己的史学、方志学理论,对谱牒学的一些至关重要的理论问题,包括史部支流、年谱、谱牒的基本结构、方法和标准,进行了较为详细深入的探讨,从理论到方法全面发展了我国谱牒学理论基础,至今仍具有重要的参考价值。     

Bringing the study of warfare into theories of nationalism

This article argues that warfare has been marginalised in theories of nationalism but that in conjunction with nationalism is vital for understanding the rise of nation‐states, the formation of nations and the nature of the international system. It offers a critique of statist approaches, suggests mechanisms through which warfare may sacralise nations and explores different patterns of nation‐state formation as they affect the interstate system. In particular, it emphasises tensions between state and nation‐formation as activated by the fortunes of war and the destabilising effects of waves of imperial dissolution, which are accompanied by patterns of re‐imperialization. It suggests that it is simplistic both to claim that war has led to a transition from empires to nation‐states and that contemporary practices of war‐making have led to a postnational era.     

中国古代早期城市化进程与最初的文明

城市在某种程度上可视为文明诸因素的综合表现 ,也是文明时代物化的最集中概括。城市发生进程或者说城市化进程也就是文明发生、文明化的进程。最早的文明社会应该在最早的城市里出现。是城市这种凝聚的大型聚落形式 ,将发生文明的各种因素集结起来 ,最终迸发文明生活之花。城市向周边乡村的扩展与渗透 ,实质上就是文明生活的扩张