国外网上零售商业空间及其影响效应研究综述

基于可获得的国外文献,文章回顾了1990年代中期以来,国外地理学科关于网上零售引发的商业空间和其他活动空间的响应以及改变的探讨。目前,国外地理学者主要致力于以下几个方面的研究:(1)网上商店的区位问题及其空间扩散过程;(2)网上零售对购物模式的组织和空间的影响;(3)城市交通空间结构对网上零售的响应;(4)网上零售产业渗透对居住空间的影响。相关研究基本涉及了在网上零售产业背景下可能出现的各类地理问题,值得刚开始致力于这一领域的其他国家学者(例如中国)参考和借鉴。此外,文章从研究尺度、研究对象以及研究内容等方面评价了国外已有研究。     

AGGLOMERATION,TRADE, AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT: BRINGING DYNAMICS BACK IN*

ABSTRACT The field of spatial economics has made enormous progress in theorizing and measuring agglomeration effects, trade costs, and urbanization. Typical models establish structural determinants by making strong assumptions about which forces are relevant and how these forces interact. But many of these assumptions, about firms, agents, spatial costs, and market structures, are questionable. As a result, the field has a long way to go to establish causality, and to be able to account for spatial economic dynamics.     

新经济时代我国特大城市发展与空间组织

新经济的发展将会全面提升我国特大城市的发展,影响城市的空间组织。本文认为,新经济对我国特大城市发展的主要影响有:促进城市的产业结构提升;促进新经济时代的城市基础设施"数字城市"的建设;促进城市创新环境--生产服务业发展。在新经济推动下,建立有效的知识通道将成为我国特大城市空间组织的一个重要原则,因此,知识源的选择、知识传导的路径及通道,知识使用地的吸引构造以及与软要素构成创新环境的规划、协调、共生将成为城市规划的重要研究课题。     

长江三角洲地区城镇空间组织模式的结构与特征

本文基于产业结构升级与城镇空间组织模式协同的视角,运用主成分和聚类分析方法,对长江三角洲地区城镇空间组织模式的结构与特征进行了探讨,以此为长三角城市群规划编制提供科学依据。本文认为:①长三角城市群实际上涵盖了7大都市圈,各都市圈之间的边界存在有许多重叠的部分;②根据上述结果与断裂点分析,城镇空间组织模式的结构实际上是由5大不同等级、不同范围、相互交叉、大圈套小圈、圈圈相扣的都市圈所构成的"多元圈层"结构,并由核心区内圈向外呈分指状发散性分布,核-缘拓展的特征比较明显。     

A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SECTORAL VARIATIONS IN RETURNS TO EXTERNAL SCALE

ABSTRACT.  This paper reports results of spatially explicit analyses of external scale effects across a variety of sectors, including manufacturing. Using data from New England counties, earnings are found to exhibit increasing returns to urbanization in every sector. Returns to sectoral localization are mixed, however, with increasing returns in one sector, constant returns in five sectors, and decreasing returns in two sectors. External scale effects are fairly confined in their spatial extent, with only retailing and services particularly marked by spillover effects from neighboring counties.     

SPATIAL EFFECTS OF TRADE POLICY: EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL*

ABSTRACT Does trade policy shape a country's internal economic geography? Empirical evidence on the spatial effects of trade policy in developing countries is limited. This paper contributes to this literature by looking at the experience of Brazil over the 1990s. In particular, an econometric analysis of the determinants of industrial location using data on regional manufacturing employment as well as data on several region and industry characteristics over the period 1990–1998 is performed. Estimation results suggest that trade openness favored location in states closer to the largest neighbor trading partner and that this effect increased through the end of the 1990s.     

SETTLEMENT IN EXURBAN/SUBURBAN ZONES: CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

The authors survey settlement in suburban zones of major cities as an important component of spatial and socioeconomic planning of settlement systems. “Inner” and “outer” suburban zones are identified—the former on the fringes of the built-up area of an agglomeration and the latter comprising exurban sites in oblasts adjoining the agglomeration. The substantial desire for and widespread use of second homes by city dwellers, particularly near sites of collective gardening, is viewed as a key component to be incorporated into future planning as a tool for regulating the influx of urbanites into the countryside (translated by H. L. Haslett, Leamington Spa, UK).     

TOM JONES (3HE40): GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AT A CADDO MOUND SITE IN SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS

Abstract

This article outlines a process that has facilitated discoveries of intrasite pattern, architecture, and diagnostic artifacts at the prehistoric Caddo mound site Tom Jones (3HE40) in southwestern Arkansas. A methodology of multisensor geophysical survey using electrical resistance, electromagnetic conductivity, gradiometry, magnetic susceptibility, high accuracy survey and mapping, and data georeferencing enabled by geographic information system technology has proven to be an efficient, effective, and essential component of an overall research plan. In addition to providing insights regarding the intrasite organization of an upland Caddo ceremonial mound center, this technologically integrated approach has established that Saratoga chalk geology and Blackland Prairie clays combine to form an advantageous medium for geophysical discovery.     

URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOSCOW

A prominent analyst of Soviet agricultural developments examines the 1992 grain harvest in the former Soviet republics. Coverage includes selective attention to the effects of such factors as weather (both losses from drought and from winterkill), farmers' economic calculations (purchase prices, alternative markets, etc.), the availability of inputs, and measures undertaken at the local level to support the harvest. The assessment provided here indicates that earlier projections of a dramatically smaller 1992 grain harvest have been overstated and outlines measures that can be implemented to reduce dependency on grain imports.     

A CITY IN MOTION: TIME-SPACE ACTIVITY AND MOBILITY PATTERNS OF SUBURBAN INHABITANTS AND THE STRUCTURATION OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PRAGUE METROPOLITAN AREA

This contribution attempts to reveal the relations between new suburban areas and other parts of the Prague metropolitan area by investigating the time‐space activity and mobility patterns of the inhabitants of newly built suburban districts. The focus on some aspects of the everyday life of people in new suburbs helps us to identify the impact of suburbanization on the changing geography of the metropolitan region and to better understand how the spatial organization of the Prague metropolitan area is produced, reproduced and transformed. We use several interrelated concepts, which serve the theoretical foundation of our work, namely time geography, structuration theory and the post‐communist city. The empirical data utilized are primarily based on 262 diaries completed by eighty‐eight individuals from thirty‐eight households, accompanied by household questionnaires and interviews with the heads of households. The research confirmed the implicit, generally unspoken view that new suburbs in the Prague metropolitan region are heavily dependent on the core of the metropolitan area for the provision of jobs and services. However, newly built suburban shopping facilities to some extent disrupt this pattern, keeping some daily activities of inhabitants within the suburban zone. In addition to empirical observations, the key purpose of this contribution has been to discuss and apply time geography concepts and methods to the research of urban restructuring, and to understand the structuration of metropolitan spatial organization.     

THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF MILK PRODUCTION IN THE MOSCOW REGION AND WAYS OF IMPROVING IT

Ways of improving the locational pattern of milk production and processing facilities in Moscow Oblast are investigated in order to: (a) reduce the volume of long-distance whole milk imports during winter; (b) increase the size of the dairy herd in the Moscow Region, especially in the west, through more effective utilization of natural pasture and cultivated fodder; and (c) promote a shift in animal husbandry toward dairy stock in areas fringing the capital. Milk processing facilities are compared in terms of production capacity, direct sales versus shipments to higher-order processors, and percentage of output consumed within the oblast and by Moscow (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

三峡库区工业空间组织结构的调整与优化

本文认为三峡库区工业空间组织结构的调整与优化是库区整个工业结构调整的重要组成部分。三峡库区工业的空间组织结构调整必须与长江产业带建设、三峡经济区生产力总体布局以及库区的城镇体系建设相协调,在优化库区工业经济空间布局过程中应该以库区工业企业迁建为契机,把工业布局优化同城镇搬迁、基础设施建设相结合。库区工业组织结构调整与优化整体思路可以概括为:"两头牵动、中间布点、形成三区、主轴衔接、由线而面、双向拓展"。最后提出了相应的保障措施。