新国家空间理论的内涵与评价

新国家空间理论是对国家空间重构的系统性描述,它将国家空间看作动态的"过程",而非预定的、固定的"容器"。其核心观点为：①以社会建构的国家空间为研究对象,并关注其多维重构,尤其是尺度重组过程;②关注资本积累方式的转变、国家管制模式转型和行动者的社会政治斗争等多重动因;③关注国家空间选择性及其演变趋势,以及国家空间重构的分层特征。不过,该理论也存在若干不足,如缺乏对行动者的详细探讨、缺乏对尺度和领域以外的空间维度的分析、重构趋势仍有待验证等。尽管如此,新国家空间理论有效整合了人文地理学关于国家治理与空间关系的相关理论,对于全球化研究、城市和区域治理研究以及行政结构重组研究等仍具有重要的借鉴意义。     

尺度的人文地理内涵与尺度政治——基于1980年代以来英语圈人文地理学的尺度研究

本文在系统梳理1980年代以来英语圈地理学中的尺度概念演化的基础上,详细剖析了尺度的人文地理学内涵及尺度政治的概念框架和研究方法。地理学的尺度可分为现实尺度、分析尺度和实践尺度三个层面,其中尺度政治是尺度实践论的集中体现。本文基于西方已有研究成果详细剖析了尺度政治的三种形式,即对移动性工具的利用、对表达手段的利用,以及对管治手段的利用等,并结合相关研究案例总结和尺度政治的一般模式。最后,本文还从区域开发管制、社会冲突治理等问题角度出发,对中国尺度政治研究的未来进行了展望。     

创新网络研究进展述评与展望

创新网络解读主要从网络尺度、网络演化及网络机理等方面展开研究,本文对创新网络已有研究成果及新转向进行评述及展望：①网络尺度视角,已有研究多对不同尺度进行区分研究,缺乏对不同尺度的整合;多强调发达国家网络发展模式,忽略对发展中国家特有结构及路径的理论总结;因此多尺度耦合网络研究成为未来的方向。②网络演化视角,经历了从网络节点结构到网络联系演化的转向,将多层联系结合进行整体网络演化的研究需更关注包括各类组织、个人、技术及空间等网络情境在内的整体分析。③网络机理研究关注多维邻近、网络管制及外部创新情境作用,而多维临近综合作用分析及我国特定情境嵌入全球网络等问题都值得进一步深入探讨。     

政治地理学中的领域概念辨析

领域是政治地理学的重要概念，但是目前国内对领域的内涵缺乏深入的解读和整理。本文在梳理西方对领域概念的理论探讨的基础上，归纳了理解领域概念的三个主要视角，并基于西方相关理论讨论，提出了领域概念的四个基本属性，即多尺度性、多维性、关系性和生成性。继而，通过对西方领域理论的研究，提出未来中国政治地理学的领域研究应该加强的几个方向。本文对于深化政治地理学领域概念的理解，避免传统认识中的偏见和局限，以及更好地制定领域策略、展开领域研究将起到积极的推动作用。     

尺度概念的演化与尺度的本质:基于二次抽象的尺度认识论

尺度是人文地理学的核心概念。为了深化对尺度的理解,本文详尽梳理了目前西方研究中的尺度认知,从隐喻、实践和认识论角度对尺度进行了理解和定义;在此基础上,基于二次抽象的视角,探讨了尺度的本质含义及其分析框架。本文认为,尺度本质上是对基本地理维度(如地方、网络和领土)的二次抽象,是一种建构的概念,因此讨论尺度真假并无实质意义;另一方面,尺度的划分不单纯是容器,而是与各种社会-权力关系相交织,并被不断重构和利用,从而形成了各种尺度化实践和尺度政治。因此,对尺度的研究和运用更应关注其解释力和影响力。最后,本文基于这一理解,探讨了中国政治文化背景中的尺度概念和尺度政治课题。     

幸福地理学研究中的时空间尺度陷阱

尺度是地理学的核心概念,但是在近年兴起的关于幸福地理学研究中对尺度问题的讨论仍属空白。本文在借鉴此前地理学尺度研究成果的基础上,结合现有幸福感的理论和实证研究,分别从现实尺度、分析尺度和实践尺度出发,系统反思了幸福感研究中的尺度陷阱。首先,对区域幸福感水平的度量需要选择汇总尺度和方法,影响幸福感的地理因素本身和地理环境对幸福感的影响也有其特定尺度。第二,分析地理环境对幸福感的影响时,既要合理处理研究结论的尺度变异性和不同时空间尺度上研究结论的整合问题,也要防止出现真实尺度与分析尺度之间出现错位。第三,个人会通过家庭内部成员间取舍、社会比较等尺度重构和尺度政治方式提升幸福感,而政府在试图改善居民幸福感时也需要选择合理的空间干预尺度。幸福感研究必须跳出各类尺度陷阱,探究影响幸福感的地理要素的真实尺度及合理的分析尺度,并妥善解决个人和政府在提升幸福感时面临的尺度政治争端。     

尺度重组理论视角下的粤港澳大湾区建设研究

粤港澳大湾区建设是由中央政府推行的新的区域发展政策安排,旨在调控国家、区域和城市尺度之间的关系进而引导资本流动以实现特定的空间发展目标,因此可视之为新一轮国家的尺度重组。借鉴西方的尺度重组理论,本文主要从大珠三角城市在经济上的空间联系以及香港问题在政治上的领域关系等两个方面,探讨关系空间如何影响到国家的尺度重组,以及国家的尺度重组对城市的尺度重组的影响。研究认为,粤港澳大湾区建设在于重塑资本流动的地方空间,为“资本固着”提供社会活动平台,继续参与国际劳动分工,深化经济合作,提高区域的全球竞争力。与此同时,国家也通过尺度重组来解决经济全球化过程中出现的领域政治问题,通过新的空间规划把边界问题纳入一体化的经济发展体系之下,保证政治稳定。中央政府把国家建设的尺度下移到粤港澳地区,促进了粤港澳的城市发生多元尺度重组策略,包括城市内部的尺度上推和尺度下移,城市外部的合作联盟和尺度政治。最后,文章从区域发展的角度分析粤港澳大湾区建设带来的影响,讨论粤港澳大湾区的建设与实践对尺度重组理论的补充和对认识国家政治经济发展的启示意义。     

地缘环境评估中的尺度陷阱

地缘环境评估是政治地理学的一个重要研究方向,对于地缘风险评估和地缘战略制定具有重要意义。但是,现有研究较少论及地缘环境评估中的尺度问题。本文基于地理学中的尺度研究,尤其是王丰龙所提出的尺度陷阱理论,系统归纳了地缘环境评估中面临的 4 类尺度陷阱。首先,在地缘环境评估中,分析的空间范围和单元划分与地缘环境的评估结果存在相互依赖关系,从而造成分析尺度选择陷阱;第二,地缘环境评估需要涵盖不同尺度上的因素,从而产生多尺度耦合陷阱;第三,地缘环境评估需要将不同尺度形式的因素同时纳入,从而面临不同尺度形式的叠合陷阱;第四,地缘环境评估需要兼顾指标的综合全面与分析问题的重点突出两个相矛盾的需求,进而产生了综合化尺度陷阱。建议后续研究在认识到这些尺度陷阱的基础上,选择更优的分析尺度,提升评估结果的稳健性,从而增强相关研究结论对于地缘风险判断和地缘战略制定的参考价值。     

从国家间到多尺度的政治地理学：日本的历程与启示

二战后日本政治地理学经历了盛极而衰之后再起步的曲折历程，政治地理学一度成为日本地理学中最不活跃的分支学科，也少有学者出席相关的学术活动。但是，20世纪90年代以后，这种状况发生了转变，政治地理学在日本再度兴起。本文通过分析在日本政治地理学相关出版物的变化，考察了二战结束以来政治地理学在日本复兴并被重新建构的过程。研究发现，与地缘政治和领土相关的出版物在日本比较多，经历了两个高峰，而最近又处于增长趋势。政治地理学在此期间经历了由国家间地缘政治向多尺度的政治地理学的转变。基于日本政治地理学的发展历程，本文认为，未来包括中日韩在内的东亚政治地理学的发展尤其要重视以下三点：一是要注重东方国家政治地理学的独特性；二是要警惕回归到作为治国方略的古典地缘政治学的危险性；三是要充分认识多尺度视角的重要意义。本文认为，这三方面的努力，将有可能使东亚政治地理学为当代世界政治地图的领域性和复杂性理解做出独有的贡献。     

区域经济联系测度方法述评

区域研究是地理学的核心之一。区域经济联系测度是区域研究的焦点。在系统总结区域经济联系测度的理论与方法的基础上,本文认为区域经济联系测度一般依循尺度确定-区域划分-区域联系测度的路径;测度区域经济联系的主要指标有可达性、经济影响范围、经济联系强度、经济隶属度等。城市在区域网络中的作用、位置是区域经济联系测度的重点。通过区域经济联系强度的测度,有助于区域和城市发展定位,并指导规划。近年来城市化、信息化、全球化的快速发展对区域经济联系的测度提出了新的挑战,需要综合不同的方法或发展新方法来应对。     

Scale, Sovereignty, and Strategy in Environmental Governance

Close examination of the scalar politics of environmental organizations engaged in contesting the terms of neoliberal globalization highlights four limitations of current theorizations of scale in radical geography. First, this body of work has paid little attention to environmental NGOs and movements as important actors in scalar politics. This is not only an empirical gap, but a theoretical one: taking environmental actors and issues into account requires rethinking the ontologies and dynamics in scale theory. Second, recent attention to social reproduction in scale debates must be extended to the reproduction of environmental conditions. Third, sharp analytical distinctions between scalar structuration and the production of nature are untenable and reproduce a culture/nature dualism. Fourth, sharp distinctions between politics within or about established scales, versus politics among scales, are unstable and miss the precise strategies pursued in some politics of scale. These arguments are illustrated and explored via case material drawn from current struggles over efforts to define environmental governance as a form of regulatory expropriation in international trade agreements.     

地名变迁中的文化政治阐释——以从化温泉为例

最近三十年出现的地名研究的批判性转向,使地方命名的政治过程成为地名研究的核心议题。在此背景下通过从化温泉这一著名旅游地的地名变更过程的研究,对我国地名变迁的政治进行探讨。研究发现,一个地方的命名是一场复杂的政治经济角力过程。"从化温泉"这一地名在历史的演变中拥有了令人瞩目的"符号资本"价值,成为中国政治体制中不同尺度行动者积极争取的对象。处于上层尺度的行动者通过政治事件与营销不断累积"从化温泉"的政治符号意义,使其成为国家尺度的地方范畴。而处于下层的地方政府则通过地名转移使用赋予"从化温泉"以新的地方意义。在这场围绕地名的争夺中,地方社区与地名的历史联系被边缘化甚至消除。     

环境政治中国际非政府组织的角色——基于批判地缘政治的视角

国际非政府组织（INGO）在国际环境政治中发挥着日益重要的角色,也是中国"一带一路"走出去的关键影响要素之一。批判地缘政治关注主权国家之外的非政府行为体,同时对权力概念提出了新的理解。借助其思想,本文指出国际环境政治中INGO的作用,并通过尺度-权力框架分析其行动和角色。发现：①INGO在环境等国际公共事务上作用不断凸显;②INGO在多个尺度上通过不同的权力影响环境政治;③INGO与政府存在依赖、合作和对抗等不同的互动关系。因此,应处理好与INGO的关系,借助其独特的权力助力"一带一路"建设。     

Negotiating hydro-scales,forging states: Comparison of the upper Tigris/Euphrates and Jordan River basins

In this comparative study of two water basins in the Middle East, we examine the hydro-political construction of scale as central to state and nation building, and their territorial consolidation. We argue that scalar negotiations and constructions of freshwater became central to the very consolidation of both Turkey and Israel. The examples we offer also illustrate the usefulness of a performative approach to scale, benefiting from but moving beyond a politics of scale approach. The comparative focus on hydro-scalar politics and performativities in relation to state and nation building offered a) lends to an enriched understanding of water politics in these two contested river basins, b) enables fuller understanding of how water becomes central to the processes by which nations, states, and territories are consolidated in this region, and c) contributes to recent debates in political geography by demonstrating the value of scalar and performative approaches. Underscoring these linkages, the analysis differs from many works on water in the Middle East, contributes to studies of state and nation building as contested processes, and avoids the assumption of state or national scales as ontological pre-givens.     

Ecosystemic politics: Analyzing the consequences of speaking for adjacent nature on the global stage

This article introduces a conceptual framework for analysing and comparing the broader or unintended effects of cooperation anchored in border-crossing ecosystems. The importance of addressing this lacuna in our scholarship on such sub-global cooperation is underscored by research in political geography that has demonstrated how the creation of scale is an important expression of power relations and how interaction with the materiality of different kinds of spaces necessitates distinct political technologies (and thus may have distinct effects). The article introduces three key analytical angles central to policy field studies in international sociology and demonstrates their utility through a case of the Arctic/Arctic Council. These analytical angles – networks (what are the relationships shaping the field?), hierarchies (who leads and how does leadership work?), and norms for political behavior – capture key consequences and dynamics of ecosystemic politics in a concise fashion that lends itself to cross-case comparison. The Arctic case focuses on the changing network positions and roles of non-Arctic actors over time, as an initial exploration of the broader ordering effects of such forms of cooperation. The findings suggest that most non-Arctic actors have experienced a decline in their centrality in Arctic cooperation, even as the Arctic has received intensified global interest and the number of participants in Arctic Council work has increased. Further comparative work along these lines would leave us better equipped to assess whether states speaking for their own immediate environs is better – and if so, in which ways – than seeking common solutions to global challenges.     

Of scales, networks and assemblages: the League of Nations apparatus and the scalar sovereignty of the Government of India

Whilst greatly valuing recent critiques of the vertical imaginary and reified ontology of scale theory, and of the unfettered flows of network theory, this paper argues against a human geography without scale. Rather, four propositions from the theoretical literature are used to provide a tool-kit to analyse the practical negotiation of scalar politics, namely that: scales should be considered as effects, not frames or structures, of practice; networks must be considered in all their complexity and heterogeneity; networks can be interpreted as assemblages, the more re-territorialising and re-scaling of which can be analysed as apparatuses; and that state apparatuses work to create the impression that scales are ahistorical, hierarchical and possess exclusive relationships. These propositions are used to explore a period of history when the scalar constitution of the world was under intense debate. The interwar era saw the imperial scale clash with that of the international, both as ideological worldviews, and as a series of interacting institutions. The assemblages of internationalism and imperialism were embodied by apparatuses such as the League of Nations and the colonial Government of India respectively. Attempts by the League to encourage the abolition of tolerated brothels in an attempt to reduce the trafficking of women and children led to intense debates between the 1920s and 1930s over what constituted the legitimate domains of the international and the 'domestic'. These explicitly scalar debates were the product of League networks that threatened the scalar sovereignty of the Raj, most directly through the travelling Commission of Enquiry into Traffic in Women and Children in the East in 1931.     

Globalization and the power of rescaled narratives: A case of opposition to mining in Tambogrande,Peru

In this article, we criticize the bipolar polemic on globalization that tends to be limited to arguing over its desirability or destructiveness, and argue that it is necessary to probe deeper into the power relationships that are produced by the restructuring of relationships in time and space. The theoretical debate on politics of scale opens the way to investigate the reconfiguration of scalar organization in capitalism, which has complex and contradictory effects on power relations. It demonstrates that oppositional politics can ‘jump scale’ by rearticulating issues at larger scales to mobilize leverage. We criticize the debate on ‘politics of scale’ for leaving several central questions relatively unexplored: what is the actual relation between jumping scale and empowerment, and what type of empowerment are we talking about? With reference to a case study of a mining conflict in Tambogrande, Peru, we discuss the way in which local farmers were able to network with organizations at national and international scales and rearticulate their claims at these scales. The case demonstrates that globalization enabled the opposition narrative to be rescaled. Hence, globalization can be seen as a redistribution of potential for empowerment. The case also shows, however, that rescaling necessitated a rearticulation of political claims to accommodate hegemonic discourses at the national and international scales.