基于新制度经济学视角的学生化社区房屋租赁现象研究——以广州南亭村为例

本研究以广州大学城南亭村为例,从新制度经济学视角解释"学生化"社区的房屋租赁现象,以期填补国内对"学生化"社区房屋租赁现象的制度环境及其形成机制的研究不足。通过实地调研发现,由于城乡二元体制和城中村过度依赖村集体组织的管理模式,各级政府的正式制度安排没有得到充分的落实,正式制度的约束作用不显著。在与正式制度磨合的过程中,基于交易成本的考虑,对不同的正式制度,村民和房东采取了不同的应对策略,有接受、变通、规避、创新,促成了一些非正式制度,部分非正式制度与正式制度相违背。值得注意的是,正是这些非正式制度成为南亭村房屋租赁市场发展的保障与动力,维护着相关利益主体的利益。     

我国装备制造业的创新、知识溢出和产学研合作——基于一个扩展的知识生产函数方法

知识溢出的本地化现象揭示了地理边界的限制机理,然而越来越多的研究表明知识溢出也可发生在远距离的空间范围内。本文以我国装备制造业为例,采用扩展的知识生产函数方法探讨大学和科研机构的知识溢出对区域创新的影响。结果表明,大学和科研机构能够产生强烈的本地和跨区域的知识溢出效应,地理空间和创新网络在跨区域知识溢出中扮演重要角色。其中,产学研合作产生的知识溢出不仅局限于区域尺度,也发生在更高的国家尺度;在地理空间的制约影响下,高素质劳动力的流动对区域创新的影响十分显著且稳定,而大学和科研机构的衍生溢出机制则不那么明显,其原因可能与空间尺度选择有关。     

西方国家大学技术转移研究的进展和启示

技术、制度、文化和关系、尺度、调节是经济地理学理论构建的重要中介,也是当今"新经济地理学"理论建构争论的核心所在。大学作为技术创新的集中地,也是国家创新体系的组成部分之一,其在整个国家和地区的技术创新和转移中具有举足轻重的地位。大学技术转移的研究是近年来国外管理学、经济学和经济地理学研究的热点问题。文章通过总结国外大学技术转移研究的现状和发展趋势,结合国内的研究特点,给出了未来我国学者,特别是经济地理学者在大学技术转移的研究方面应该注意的问题,以便使得大学技术转移能在我国建设自主创新型国家的过程中发挥应有的作用。     

灾害史研究的文化转向

20世纪以来,中国灾害史研究在史料整理及研究、荒政制度、区域灾害史、灾赈实践等领域硕果累累。①随着研究的推进及现实价值的凸显,灾害史研究似乎陷入了瓶颈,大多数研究都是就灾害说灾害,集中在灾害个案及赈济史实梳理的层域对灾害背景(原因)及影响、官民救灾及其机制和措施、思想、灾后重建等问题的讨论,或是对断代、区域、特别案例的探讨,对具体路径及方法等问题修修补补,研究思路及叙事框架无意识中形成了固有的路径及模式,重要创新及突破性成果不多,理论及跨学科视域的创新性研究也略显不足。     

非正式因素影响下的中小企业网络学习与区域发展——河南省偃师市翟镇针织业的研究

本文采用理论论述与实际调研分析相结合的研究方法,通过对位于河南省偃师市的"针织之乡"--翟镇的本地针织业网络的实地研究,着重从我国特殊的历史文化背景出发,深入探讨了中小企业的网络学习过程。笔者指出在翟镇针织业本地网络中的、受传统历史文化影响的、诸如面对面交流、接触这些非正式联系是学习的主要通道。通过网络中行为主体间积极的互动,知识不断的循环流转,最终实现了创新,构筑了区域不可低挡的竞争优势。这对我国其它地区传统产业区的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

区域经济韧性：研究综述与展望

自金融危机以来，区域经济韧性成为了研究热点。现有文献从均衡论及演化论的视角建构了区域经济韧性的理论框架，认为区域经济韧性不仅是区域发展的结果也是区域发展的动态过程。大量实证研究关注区域发展过程，探讨了不同尺度下经济系统对冲击的抵抗力、恢复力，并分析了经济韧性的影响机理。区域经济韧性是时间维度与空间尺度的统一。现有研究多关注区域本身特性，缺乏从动态性、多主体互动性、多尺度融合视角审视区域经济韧性的形成过程。因此未来研究一方面应当在现有理论基础上与关系经济地理、管理学等领域紧密结合，更重视危机与冲击的异质性，系统揭示行为主体在区域经济韧性形成、维持过程中的重要作用；另一方面应当进一步关注中国发展背景与制度优势，重视韧性研究对经济发展深远的意义，从而增强中国经济在不确定环境下的稳定性。     

中国旅游创新的回顾与展望:基于文献的研究

伴随改革开放30年进程,中国旅游产业不断走向内生驱动、创新发展之路。其在制度体制机制创新、理论创新等理论研究领域以及区域旅游创新、旅游企业创新等实践研究领域取得了初步成绩,但距离西方同类研究仍有较大差距。本文采取文献统计及文献分析法进行研究,揭示其基本特点,对中国旅游的创新研究主要领域进行文献研究综述,总结其研究的增长规律,立足于旅游产业创新研究的国际趋势和中国实际需要,最后对中国旅游的创新研究主要领域进行了展望。     

河南省工业企业创新绩效及影响因素分析

创新是经济发展的驱动力,影响区域创新绩效的因素很多,本文从宏观经济、行业、企业、外部力量等四个尺度构建了企业创新模型,利用1991 年到2014 年统计数据,探讨了人均GDP 水平、产业集聚、企业规模、R&D 、FDI、技术引进这六个因素对河南省专利授权量的影响。研究发现：在企业尺度上,企业规模、R&D经费显著正向影响河南工业企业的创新绩效;在中观尺度上,产业集聚还没有发挥很好的集聚效益;反映经济发展水平的人均GDP在统计上并未显著影响创新绩效,甚至是负影响;外部力量尺度上,外商直接投资增强了创新的绩效,而技术引进与创新绩效则呈显著负相关。综合来看,企业创新是一个多尺度因素相互作用的非线性过程,各种力量对创新的影响机理也较为复杂。     

河南省工业企业创新绩效及影响因素分析北大核心CSSCI

创新是经济发展的驱动力,影响区域创新绩效的因素很多,本文从宏观经济、行业、企业、外部力量等四个尺度构建了企业创新模型,利用1991年到2014年统计数据,探讨了人均GDP水平、产业集聚、企业规模、R&D、FDI、技术引进这六个因素对河南省专利授权量的影响。研究发现:在企业尺度上,企业规模、R&D经费显著正向影响河南工业企业的创新绩效;在中观尺度上,产业集聚还没有发挥很好的集聚效益;反映经济发展水平的人均GDP在统计上并未显著影响创新绩效,甚至是负影响;外部力量尺度上,外商直接投资增强了创新的绩效,而技术引进与创新绩效则呈显著负相关。综合来看,企业创新是一个多尺度因素相互作用的非线性过程,各种力量对创新的影响机理也较为复杂。     

移民社会资本与双重行业结构——基于墨西哥华人访谈资料的扎根理论分析

跨国移民群体在移居国形成了典型的族裔经济,表现出"依存—发展"的双重行业结构特征。论文引鉴既有社会资本的定义,细分了社会资本的构成要素,采用扎根理论的研究方法,以墨西哥华人移民多样本案例为数据基础,构建出社会资本对双重行业结构的建构机制。研究显示,生产机制、维护机制和发展机制构成双重行业结构的三阶段,分别影响了后者的形成、强化和变迁;社会资本的子要素分布在不同的理论范畴的形成过程中,不同要素发挥作用的比例、强度和关系在三阶段中有显著差异;社会资本通过信任、非正式制度维护族群合作关系网路,进而作用于双重行业结构的建构过程;双重行业结构功能的保护作用明显,并处在不断地发展变化中,形塑新一轮的社会资本;核心家庭是移民行为发生的基本单位,构成族裔经济发展的决策单元。     

Innovation Networks and Regional Development—Evidence from the European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS): Theoretical Concepts,Methodological Approach,Empirical Basis and Introduction to the Theme Issue

A general consensus exists in the debate on innovation-oriented regional development, in which cooperation in innovation between manufacturing firms, service firms and research institutions continues to grow in importance with respect to business success and the economic performance of a region—at least for some region types. The academic discussion, thus far, has been shaped by a large number of outstanding theoretical studies focusing on this topic from the perspective of the innovative milieu concept, the network theory (spatial version), the regional innovation systems approach or the transaction cost theory. Up to now, comparative empirical studies have not been performed evaluating the significance of innovation networks over a sufficiently large and statistically representative data set for the various types of regions. This is the goal of this issue of European Planning Studies, which is introduced in this article. Briefly, the basic concepts for explaining network-oriented regional development are described and the essential features of the European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS) are presented—developed by a research team of German economic geographers and regional economists. Between 1995 and 1999 ERIS carried out three extensive surveys in 11 European regions with a total return of 8635 questionnaires, in an effort to identify, systematize, and quantify linkages between innovative players. The question of the range of such innovative linkages plays a central role in this analysis.     

R&D Cooperation in Innovation Systems—Some Lessons from the European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS)

Our paper summarizes some of the main results of the European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS) as far as they are discussed in this special issue of European Planning Studies . The overall target of the ERIS project is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of determinants crucial for the innovation potential of any region, i.e. innovative and non-innovative manufacturing firms, business services and research institutions, as well as the innovative linkages and networks between these actors. Empirical research is based upon almost 8600 questionnaires collected in 11 European regions. Results confirm some of the common hypotheses on the relationship between space and innovation networks but others are contrary to existing scientific knowledge. Obviously the impact of national innovation systems on the innovation activities of manufacturing firms in a given European region is-at least-as strong as the impact of the respective regional innovation system. The spatial range of innovative linkages significantly depends on the size, the type of the cooperation partner, the R&D intensity and the industry of the analysed manufacturing firm. For example, the higher the technology intensity of the industry, the greater is the need of each firm to use intraregional knowledge via innovation linkages. It is therefore an important task in regional innovation policy to promote network-building among firms and other actors of a regional innovation system and to interlink these intraregional networks with national and international knowledge sources.     

The Importance of Public Research Institutes in Innovative Networks-Empirical Results from the Metropolitan Innovation Systems Barcelona,Stockholm and Vienna

The recent discussion on economics and regional economics has increasingly stressed the importance of knowledge and information. Research institutes, in particular, are seen as crucial for assisting local firms in their innovation activities. The aim of this paper is to explore the real importance of research institutes supporting innovative activities in businesses. Based on the representative European Regional Innovation Survey the results show that the actual significance of research institutions in the support of firms' innovation processes is smaller than revealed in the concepts of the innovative networks, innovative milieu or learning region.     

With or Without Clusters: Facilitating Innovation through a Differentiated and Combined Network Approach

Over the past decades, economic and innovation policy across Europe moved in the direction of creating regional clusters of related firms and institutions. Creating clusters through public policy is risky, complex and costly, however. Moreover, it is not necessary to rely on clusters to stimulate innovation. A differentiated and combined network approach to enhancing innovation and stimulating economic growth may be more efficient and effective, especially though not exclusively in regions lacking clusters. The challenge of such a policy is to mitigate the bottlenecks associated with “global pipeline”, “local buzz” and “stand alone” strategies used by innovative firms and to combine these strategies with a view to their complementarity in terms of knowledge effects. Private and semi-public brokers will be key in the evolving policy, as timely organizational change is crucial for continued innovation, while brokers also need to mitigate governance problems. This requires region-specific knowledge in terms of sectors, life cycles, institutional and socio-cultural factors, and yields spatially differentiated and differentiating adjustment strategies. The role of public policy is to assist in recruiting, provide start-up funding and monitor brokers. With this, policy moves towards a decentralized, process-based, region-specific, spatially diverging and multi-level system of innovation that is geared towards the evolving innovation strategies of firms.     

Networking and learning for tourism innovation: evidence from the Western Cape

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the nature of networking and learning by tourism firms in relation to accessing knowledge for innovation. In particular, the nature of tourism learning and networking, geography of networking linkages, and systemic characteristics of relationships between tourism firms, government agencies, higher education institutions, and other organisations in the Western Cape tourism system are examined. The analysis draws on 182 tourism firm, tourism system, and contextual interviews. This investigation demonstrates that even though tourism firms mostly use internal resources for innovation, external, non-local knowledge is significant for enhancing novel innovation. It is disclosed that whilst local network linkages are dense, loose, and of importance for business and marketing purposes, extra-regional network relationships are imperative for learning in relation to innovation. As further observed, network linkages between local and regional actors for supporting tourism innovation in the Western Cape are generally weak which points to the underdevelopment of local and regional innovation networks or systems. The paper provides planning recommendations for enhancing the competitiveness of tourism firms towards fostering development and growth in the regional tourism economy. Specifically, support for stimulating learning networks as well as strengthening systemic relationships in the Western Cape tourism system are recommended. It is underscored that strategic relationships with non-local partners need to be nurtured towards fostering tourism innovation and enhancing regional competitiveness.     

技术学习与创新:经济地理学的视角

技术学习与创新是20世纪90年代以来经济地理学研究的核心领域之一,它与"异端经济学"之间的互动,既促进了经济地理学的繁荣和学科地位的提升,也为"异端经济学"对技术学习与创新的研究提供了独特的地理视角。本文试图全面梳理经济地理学技术学习与创新研究兴起与深化的过程,从地理接近与面对面交流,关系接近与实践社区,制度接近、嵌入、路径依赖与创新场三个既相互争论又高度互补的方面,来系统阐述技术学习与创新的经济地理机制,并针对当前研究的局限性提出了建构高层次综合的技术学习创新与区域发展理论的设想。     

试论经济地理学的研究创新

本文受相关学科的研究启发,并根据作者从事经济地理学的学习和研究体会,提出关于经济地理学研究创新的六点建议:建好基础数据,创新研究方法,激励思维创新,营造创新环境,培养扎实的学风,选择特殊的研究对象。     

Firm Performance,Innovation Modes and Territorial Embeddedness

This paper seeks to identify different innovation modes and their territorial embeddedness, relating them to firms’ innovative and economic performance. We also analyse the relationship between the different innovation modes and the economic impact of the crisis on firms’ performance. These relationships are tested by regression and latent class models for the Portuguese population of firms, using a sample of 397 firms classified according to technological intensity, size and region. Our results show three different innovation modes: a DUI (Doing, Using and Interacting) mode, an STI (Science, Technology and Innovation) mode and a TEI (Territorial Embeddedness Innovation) mode in which territory plays a key role. These innovative modes are related in different ways to firms’ economic and innovative performance and also have marked distinctions in terms of resilience to the economic crisis. These findings lead to a reflection on regional innovation policy in the European context.     

Spatial distribution of innovation networks,technological competencies and degree of novelty in emerging economy firms

This paper analyses the relationship of the accumulation of technological competencies at the firm level, the spatial distribution of the firm's innovation networks and the degree of novelty of product innovation. Firm-based primary data collected in two innovative regions in emerging economies are used to predict higher degrees of novelty in emerging economy firms. Similarly to advanced economy firms, the results show that international linkages are associated with higher degrees of novelty. However, new-to-the-world innovation in emerging country firms is fundamentally externally driven, suggesting that international linkages seem to be a compensating mechanism for the initially lower technological capabilities rather than a complementary source of knowledge.     

Innovation Processes and Proximity: The Case of IDEON Firms in Lund,Sweden

Increasing pressure on innovativeness and collaboration is supposed to strengthen the importance of geographical proximity in innovation systems. But simultaneously there are 'globalization forces' and information and communication technology (ICT) developments that stress wider contexts and different dependencies to place and distance. With case studies of innovative firms at IDEON Science Park in Lund, the article presents analyses of the importance of proximity, related to the kind of knowledge and collaborative arrangements involved in innovation processes. Scope for 'untraded interdependencies' is discussed as well as the possible ICT impact of these collaborative relations. Argument for a three tier innovation system is put forward and its implications for regional innovation strategies are, concludingly, discussed.