论欧洲认同和欧洲一体化中的认同问题

欧洲在历史上曾经有过以基督教为基础的文化上的同一性,但并非完全意义上的"欧洲认同".近代以来,民族国家的认同成为欧洲人们的主要和基本的认同.当代欧洲一体化中始终存在是否坚持民族特性/认同的斗争,一体化进程没有取消民族国家认同,也没有形成真正超越民族国家的欧洲认同.但是,欧洲民族国家的认同发生了变化,变得具有开放和兼容性.这对于当今时代人们对待"认同"问题,具有启示意义.     

The European Difference: Karl Heinz Bohrer's Critique of the European Project

Literary critic and essayist Karl Heinz Bohrer offers a Eurosceptic perspective on the German commitment to a united Europe. This article is a reconstruction of Bohrer's argument. It identifies two distinct critiques. The first is a somewhat prosaic observation that the differences between the national traditions of Europe are simply too great for a united Europe to be viable. The other is a more complex reflection on “European decadence”: Europeans lack the will that is required to project power, and power is a precondition for cultural achievements. Protestantism—the “Protestant mind”—plays a central role in this second critique. The two critiques are connected through Bohrer's conception of the nation-state as an entity that integrates in an agonistic way legal and cultural power.     

法国/瑞士/意大利铁轨上的欧陆遗迹

"铁路的终点……是我们走向荣誉和未知的大门."小说家E.M.福斯特写于1910年.那时候,火车旅行是人们的奢望.在火车旅行的黄金时代,东方快车公司力图在其火车服务上激起人们的热情,最著名的要属从巴黎一直行驶到威尼斯的"威尼斯辛普朗东方快车",还有一年才有一次的传统终点站伊斯坦布尔. 现在欧洲大陆上鳞鳞爪爪,恣意妄行的铁路线根系发达,欧洲火车通票(Eurai Pass)连接起欧洲各国铁路线,通往欧洲每一个枝蔓的角落.一路坐火车在欧洲大陆走南闯北,领略无数世界遗产,在风景中行进的快乐却是云中银翼怎么都比不上的奢侈.     

Charting the East European process of transformation

Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. By Ivan T. Berend (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Cambridge Studies in Modern Economic History, xviii + 414 pp. £45.00 cloth.

The Transition in Eastern Europe, vol. 2: Restructuring: A National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report. Edited by Olivier Jean Blanchard, Kenneth A. Froot, and Jeffrey D. Sachs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) £38.50/$55.25 cloth.

Children of Atlantis: Voices from the former Yugoslavia. Edited by Zdenko Lesic. (Budapest, London, and New York: Central European University Press, 1995 and Oxford University Press, 1997) 183 pp. £7.99 paper.     

Demography and the extinction of European Neanderthals

Causes previously suggested for the sudden extinction of Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe, starting around 35,000 years ago, comprise food shortage, climatic effects and violence from Modern Humans. The aim here is to formulate a demographic model with reconstructed fertility and death rates, capable of modelling the population development under conditions of changing climate and prey availability, from the early appearance of Neanderthals in Europe about 260,000 years ago to their demise. Parameter variation studies are made for the parameters considered to have the highest uncertainty. Finally, the option of regional migration between northern, middle and southern Europe is added, in order to capture population movements away from a region in response to deteriorating or improving climate. This model accounts for population developments, including the re-population of the Middle and Northern regions of Europe during and after the warm Eem period. However, parameter choices that give plausible results during the initial 210,000 years also predict that the Neanderthals should have survived the latter part of the Weichselian ice age, despite competing for food with Modern Human newcomers during the last part of the period. The conclusion is that other reasons for extinction than climate or starvation must be sought.     

French autonomy and the European Union

This article considers the changing nature of France's relationship with the EC/EU. It looks at how France's ability to define the shape and direction of integration for much of the postwar period has been eroded since the implementation of the Single European Act, and how German unification has altered the balance of power within the Franco‐German alliance, so precipitating a crisis in France about ‘Europe’. Though the impact of the EU has often been exaggerated, the consequences of European action have been significant, contributing to the change in French economic policy and the transformation of the capacities of the French state.