章太炎儒術新詮中的近代學術嬗變

章太炎《儒術真論》將真儒術的本質界定爲"以天爲不明及無鬼神"。這一詮釋在理論與方法上是一個自洽的體系,並且以西方傳入中國的近代科學爲知識基礎。章氏一方面從墨家批儒記錄中落實界定真儒術的文獻依據,對儒墨之差異提出了獨到的分析,他試圖走出一條迥異於孫詒讓"本説經家法,箋釋諸子"的路子,强調治子乃"尋求義理"的"主觀之學",從而爲國學旁采遠西新學打開了空間。而另一方面,《儒術真論》的兩篇解説性附文《視天論》和《菌説》,經受斯賓塞進化學説、《談天》等西學影響,采納以牛頓定律爲基礎的新的宇宙、世界支配及運行原理,並將之作爲詮釋真儒術的知識支撑。章太炎儒術新詮,無論從科學革命導致"範式轉換"的普遍視角來審視,還是察之以中國傳統學術的自我調適以及西學東漸從明末到清末的複雜歷史軌迹,都折射出近代中國學術嬗變的某些動態圖景。     

讖緯研究的方術進路:以《龍魚河圖》考索爲例

讖緯的基礎研究應重在知識構成的歷史學研究,不能僅從緯學與政治文化構建進程進行分析,而應重新契入傳統中國方術與博物之學的歷史語境中加以理解。作者提出讖緯研究的方術進路,以《龍魚河圖》爲個案展開“知識視域中緯書綜合研究”,考察其基本性格的成立、文本構造的知識譜系源流與方術形態面相及其社會歷史意義,將讖緯置於數術、方伎、物象的數理脈絡中觀照,嘗試在知識—信仰—社會歷史景深中,揭示讖緯與方術之間的“學理性義諦牢結”,探索構築讖緯研究新基盤的可能性。     

傳統史學視域下十六國國别史的突破與困境——李海葉《慕容鮮卑的漢化與五燕政權》評介

<正>中古少數族群漢化一直是學界熱點研討的問題之一,相關成果層出不窮。近年來以歷史人類學、社會學等學科視角來詮釋族群邊界、觀察邊界擴張與收縮,漸成學術之主流。相比之下,傳統史學視角下的漢化研究稍顯清冷,而李海葉《慕容鮮卑的漢化與五燕政權——十六國少數民族發展史的個案研究》（中國社會科學出版社,2015年,以下簡稱“李著”）秉持傳統史學的研究方法,以慕容政權及家族個案研究爲中心,進一步地梳理慕容鮮卑漢化的過程,爲中古胡族漢化問題做了頗具學術探索價值的努力。     

坪井九馬三與中國現代史學

史學方法論在中國現代史學專業化進程中扮演着重要角色,而所依托的資源主要來自域外。既存研究對日本近代史學之父坪井九馬三《史學研究法》在中國的譯介狀況及其影響,語焉不詳。本文根據最新發現的未刊講義、報刊資料,結合日文原著,用大量事實說明,坪著在民國史壇一直存在隱性傳播,對中國現代史學產生積極影響。首先,坪著是中國學人最早認識史學方法論的範本之一;其次,坪著最重史學的輔助科學。這是達成"科學史學"途徑之一,衆多中國史家爲了追求史學"科學化",對史學的輔助科學亦多所用力;再次,坪著所舉經典實例,作爲範例指示治學門徑,輾轉流行於中國史學界;最後,坪著有關史學定義、歷史之種類、《資治通鑑》乃皇帝教科書等,對中國史家影響頗大。中國學者雖然吸收坪井的觀點和實例,但都有不同程度的創新或再詮釋。     

論《老子》首章及其“道”的原型

"道"是老子哲學的核心概念,其思想素材來源於上古時代的生命發生觀。這種觀念認爲:人類的個體生命始於婦孕三月之時,亦即胚胎初分陰陽之時。在此之前的受精卵是作爲元氣存在的;到嬰兒自母腹降生,生命便進入"有名"的形態。老子據此建立了"道"、"始"、"母"等概念,進而提出了他的宇宙生成圖式、倫理學圖式和宇宙演化圖式。這些圖式是上古時代公共知識和儀式行爲的産物,須在人類學視野中加以考察。     

略论中国封建社会长期性问题

毛澤東同志在講到中國封建社會長期性問題時,作了如下的科學論斷: “中國雖然是一個偉大的民族國家,雖然是一個地廣人衆,歷史悠久而又富於革命傳統和優秀遺產的國家;可是,中國自從脫離奴隸制度進到封建制度以後,其經濟、政治、文化的發展,就長期地陷在發展避(?)綏的狀態中。這個封建制度,自週秦以來一直廷續了三千年左右。”(“中國革命與中國共產黨”,見“毛澤東選集”第二卷,五九三頁——五九四頁》毛澤東同志接着就把中國封建社會的經濟制度和政治制度的主要特點作了馬克思列寧主義的科學分析,並指:“中國歷代的農民,就在這種     

揭開美帝“友誼”鬼臉——記反對美帝文化侵略展覽會

天津八個教會學校學生會聯合主辦的反對美帝國主義文化侵略展覽會上,展出的書籍、電影片和近百幅漫畫中,用事實來充分說明了帝國主義者怎樣通過教會學校,利用它的忠實走狗,來對中國進     

關於魏晉玄學屬性的再辨析

鑑於自漢至晉中國的社會結構、經濟基礎、政治制度和社會價值觀念基本上都無變化的情況下,在意識形態領域内不可能憑空冒出一個與儒學對立並引導當時觀念形態的玄學。事實上,被後世認爲的"玄學家",彼時都自認爲在致力於經學,並做出很多成績,"玄學"之名是在魏晉之後出現的。獨尊儒術以來,儒家一直有談論形而上學的傳統,並以倫理綱常爲自然之道,後來佛學也屬兩晉談玄的內容,因此把玄學簡單地稱作"新道家",是一種誤會。     

廣泛地宣傳報紙與雜誌

我國的報紙在蘇聯人民的生活中,在他們為爭取建成共產主義社會的鬥爭中起着巨大的作用。我國報紙的威力在於它的真實性和原則性,在於它和羣衆的不可分離的聯繫,在於它忠於人民的利益,忠於共產主義的建設事業。蘇聯的報紙和雜誌正在積極地宣傳偉大的馬克思、列寧主義思想,提高勞動者的共產主義覺悟,動員他們完成黨和政府所提出的任務。我國的報紙在發展蘇聯第五個五年計劃的宣傳中,在綜合極其豐富的共產主義建設經驗中以及向城市和鄉村勞動者之間推廣這些經驗中起着重大作用。我國報紙的任務是竭力支持群衆的主動創造性,使先進工作者的成就變成億萬財富。蘇聯的報紙經常協助開展全民的社會主義競賽,勇敢地開展批評與自我批評,以不調和地對待缺點和不斷上進的精神教育着人民。我國的報紙在和人民思想中的资本主義的遺毒及其腐朽的思想進行着不懈的鬥爭。蘇聯報紙由於積極地為爭取世界和平而鬥爭,宣傳各民族間的友好思想,揭露新戰爭挑撥者的罪惡計劃,而獲得了全體進步人類的尊重,在全世界正直的人們的心目中建立起了崇高的威信。我國的雜誌在發展蘇聯科學與技術方面,在普及科學的發現及其成就上起着極大的作用。雜誌系統地介紹着,而在書上還不能找到記載的一切科學與技術方面的新發現。任何一個專家、熟練工人、農業先進工作者,如果得不到適當雜誌的系統幫助,都不可能發揮工作上的創造能力和改進自己的業     

取義西學:劉師培轉换傳統學術的取徑

<正>西學東漸,是清代中晚期以來中國學術史的一個明顯事實,在這樣的學術潮流之下,固然促使着清儒對傳統中國學術進行總結和反思,從另一方面而言,西學也逐渐地改變清儒對既有學術的認知與看法。隨着西方列强與西方文明對清政府主導統治的中國所造成的影響曰深,張之洞提倡"中體西用",魏源"師夷長技以制度夷"的提出,康有為的"托古改制"都是清儒認識到西學的     

The Study of Time: Proceedings of the First and Second Conferences of the International Society for the Study of Time

Abstract

In the past, the nobility of science was taken for granted, and it was universally venerated. Today many scienti!, ts are depressed by the morally doubtful applications of science: the high ideals of science should prevent the application of science to weapons research. In comparing science and religion, the moral dimensions of science are stress, ed and their extension is urged. In this way the world can be saved from war and the dignity and nobility of science can be restored.     

Designing the model European—Liberal and republican concepts of citizenship in Europe in the 1860s: The Association Internationale pour le Progrès des Sciences Sociales

The formation of citizenship as a concept to define the rights of participation in the formation processes of modern territorial states is well known. But the transnational dimensions of defining citizenship and how to combine national legislations with enlightened universal and natural law rules in the mid-19th century is not very well known. The article aims to explore the transnational discourses on the political, economic and moral rights and duties of the citizen in the pan—European liberal Association Internationale pour le Progrès des Sciences Sociales. During the 1860s, its congresses should serve as a vast commission of enquiry and should eventually lead to a general definition of citizenship in Europe which could be implemented in national legislations. The article shows how the Association Internationale tried to deduce universal moral rules from national legislations and peculiarities by the means of moral or positive social science. In combining moral unity with national and regional diversities, the Association Internationale tried to give an elastic framework for a European civil society in which national subjects should become active citizens.     

Science and Theology Diverse Resolutions of an Interdisciplinary Gap by the New Priesthood of Science

Abstract

In an age where the trend towards secularization has been slowed down, new religions and ideological movements are competing with the more traditional positions to be found in society. Those who are anxious to justify their own particular position share only one criterion for comparison with those holding other positions: a belief in the epistemological efficacy of science. A new priesthood of scientist has emerged to offer justification in the name of science for a variety of ideological positions and to explain to a bewildered public what the real relationship is between the various disciplines of science and those of theology or moral and political philosophy. This paper describes the variety of positions taken up by the new priesthood, typifying these as Fundamentalism, Orthodoxy; Liberalism, Modernism, Agnosticism and Atheism.     

试析陈独秀的“以科学代宗教”思想

新文化运动初期,陈独秀针对在社会转型背景下出现的信仰危机,提出了"以科学代宗教"的主张.他认为以西方自然科学为基础的科学思想、精神和方法,可以在世界观、人生观、社会历史观等领域取代宗教,作为现代社会的新信仰.他后来的思想虽有曲折,但并没有放弃"以科学代宗教"的主张.在中国现代"以科学代宗教"的社会思潮的形成过程中,他起了主导性的作用,做出了主要贡献.     

清末“开民智”思想内涵新探

“开民智”思想在清末为社会广泛认同,其含义相当复杂。在研究较多关注清末由民族危机引发的学习现代科技的需求,忽视了对构成这一名词本身两个字——民和智——在当时社会的具体含义的探讨。本文通过对当时思想界关于“民”的主体资格及“智”的内涵的分析,指出当时思想界从最初的将“智”的内涵界定为科技到逐渐纳入政教,并逐渐尝试超越技术科政教的角度,从价值角度探讨强国的新路。     

西方道德地理研究述评——基于CiteSpace和人工检索的对比分析

利用CiteSpace软件对Web of Science数据库中道德地理相关文献进行共被引分析和关键词共现分析,对比人工检索和文献阅读的结果,对西方道德地理的研究进展进行系统梳理评述。研究结论：①对高中心性和高突现性文献的研究发现,关怀、伦理、道德、责任等关键词和远距离的关怀与责任、道德经济与道德消费、地方政治中的不平等与权利问题等三大研究主题构成了道德地理研究的一大理路,侧重阐释“道德的地理”;②早期道德地理著名学者Sack的系列论著并未能成为高引文献,原因一在于其理论的高度抽象和隐晦难解,二在于他试图建构普适的空间道德评判标准,因而很难被实证主义研究者们理解和追随,但他构建的“二元道德论”强调“地理的道德”,是道德地理研究的另一条理路,可以为评判地方道德提供了全面、明确而实用的标准,值得被后续研究发展和深化;③研究同时揭示：囿于数据库数据和技术手段的限制,单纯依靠文献分析软件的研究方式可能会出现偏差,高质量的人工检索阅读仍是文献研究的必然路径。     

An Element of Thought: Phosphorus and Mental Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century

Georges Cabanis (17571808), through his writings on the relation of the physical and moral, or psychological, aspects of man, left a legacy that made the study of mental activity a part of physiology. His views on the importance of phosphorus to the function of the brain thrust that element into a prominent stream of research that involved many investigators in several countries. Although that particular stream eventually dried up, its influence remained: by the beginning of the twentieth century basic medical science had become well set on studies of the mind-body relationship.     

Science, conscience, consciousness

Descartes' metaphysics lays the foundation for the special sciences, and the notion of consciousness ("conscientia") belongs to metaphysics rather than to psychology. I argue that as a metaphysical notion, "consciousness" refers to an epistemic version of moral conscience. As a consequence, the activity on which science is based turns out to be conscientious thought. The consciousness that makes science possible is a double awareness: the awareness of what one is thinking, of what one should be doing, and of the possibility of a gap between the two.     

An element of thought: phosphorus and mental philosophy in the nineteenth century

Georges Cabanis (1757-1808), through his writings on the relation of the physical and moral, or psychological, aspects of man, left a legacy that made the study of mental activity a part of physiology. His views on the importance of phosphorus to the function of the brain thrust that element into a prominent stream of research that involved many investigators in several countries. Although that particular stream eventually dried up, its influence remained: by the beginning of the twentieth century basic medical science had become well set on studies of the mind-body relationship.     

Pushed into Pragmatism: British Approaches to Science in Post-War Occupied Germany

One of the most important dilemmas facing the British authorities when they occupied their zone of Germany at the end of the Second World War was what to do with German science. The contributions made by scientists and engineers to the Nazi war machine, in fields such as rocketry and submarines, meant that German science was both revered and feared, and was therefore closely linked to concerns about a post-war military resurgence in Germany. This article aims to chart the changing approaches which the British occupation officials adopted towards German science in this period. While the initial intention was to prevent Germany from ever waging war again, through demilitarisation, denazification and dismantling, the focus changed as British enmity shifted from a former adversary, Germany, to a former ally, the Soviet Union. Policy reflected this shift as technology transfer and the reconstruction of domestic German science won greater favour. This article aims to show that, in the face of growing hostility from the USSR and in the deeply suspicious climate of the early Cold War, Britain was forced to abandon its moral mission towards German science and adopt a far more pragmatic strategy instead.