西安出土西汉早期古酒的除菌保护

西安市北郊出土的西汉古酒经过近十年的低温密封保存后,出现了微生物病害。经过分析确定其菌种为淡紫拟青霉菌真菌,以及微球菌、葡萄球菌和考克氏菌属三种细菌。本文在分析研究微生物种类和产生原因后,选择了一种古酒微生物物理过滤处理的方法,用0.45μm和0.22μm的微孔滤膜成功完成了霉菌的去除。该方法具有操作简便、安全可靠的特点,是对酒类文物病害治理与保护的有益探索。最后通过对古酒保存环境控制,有效控制了类似病害的进一步发生。     

志丹苑元代水闸遗址霉菌及防霉剂抑菌效果的再调查与评估

志丹苑元代水闸遗址中处于潮湿环境条件下的木构件经IPBC(碘代丙炔基氨基甲酸酯Iodopropy-nyl Butyl Carbamate)处理已有8年,2012年时测得其细菌总量及真菌总量比2007年分别减少89.25%和55.56%,且木构件中微生物主要类群也在变化。可近年发现IPBC药物的药效在缩短,为了更加有效地治理志丹苑元代水闸遗址饱水木构件上生长的霉菌,对遗址木构件霉菌种类再次进行调查,并对防霉剂IPBC抑菌性能进行再评估。本研究从遗址木构件中分离到8类高丰度霉菌,通过菌落形态特征、培养特性和DNA-ITS序列分析等方法进行菌种的鉴定,发现种类与前几次有明显不同。例如,本次在遗址广泛分布着的一种盘菌科下未分类的菌及绿色木霉都是前几次未曾发现过的。用滤纸片抑菌圈法对这些菌进行IPBC抑菌试验。分析结果发现,木质文物霉菌的防治药物有待升级。     

泉州湾宋代海船船体微生物群落结构多样性研究

泉州湾宋代海船于1974年发掘出土,是我国发掘的第一艘体量大,年代早的远洋贸易木帆船,也是研究我国古代海外交通史、对外贸易史、造船史等不可多得的实物资料,属于国家珍贵一级文物,具有重要的保护价值。作为国内乃至亚洲大型海洋出水木质文物保护的先例,泉州湾宋代海船经过多年来综合性保护修复和开放式展览,其船体的保存现状值得关注。 微生物是造成木材降解糟朽的重要生物因素之一。微生物对木材的危害主要是木腐菌、着色菌和霉菌等真菌以及一些能够分解纤维素的细菌引起的各种损害。因此,木质文物中微生物类群的解析是众多木质文物预防性保护的重要前期基础,也是微生物病害发生时针对性高效防护的重要保障。为了了解当前泉州湾宋代海船船体中微生物的种群及分布规律,本研究采集从船头到船舱及船尾组成的25个不同区域的样品,采用新一代高通量扩增子测序技术,分析了不同木材类型组成的船体微生物的类群及分布规律,并解析当前船体中是否存在对其潜在有害的致腐微生物类群。 微生物群落组成调查与分析结果表明,船体各个部位中存在稳定且丰富的微生物类群。尽管船体不同部位的细菌和真菌群落组成具有一定的差异性,但这种差异性与船体的木材类型和所处结构位置的关联性不显著。其中船体不同保存区域中存在的优势细菌种属为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)(13.65%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(6.88%)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)(3.69%),优势真菌为枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)(12.26%)、假丝酵母菌属(Candida)(5.93%)和扁孔腔菌属(Lophiostoma)(5.66%)。本次检测分析发现的芽孢杆菌属、链球菌属、枝孢霉属和曲霉属均可降解木材纤维素,这些微生物在一定环境条件下生长爆发则会威胁船体的保存,具有一定的潜在隐患。因此,在后续该船体的保护中应该定期对船体进行微生物病害防治处理,严格控制船体的展存环境温湿度,以益于船体的长期保存。 本研究首次系统地解析泉州湾宋代海船船体各个部位的微生物群落结构组成,同时也对泉州海外交通史博物馆当前对该船体的开放式展览微生物病害风险进行评估,为后续该船体微生物病害的预防性保护工作提供重要的参考。     

抗菌剂壳寡糖、儿茶素和纳米氧化锌对冻干前处理古木微生物作用的研究

浙江余姚河姆渡出土干栏式建筑木构件,在采用聚乙二醇（PEG）置换填充后存在着微生物侵害问题,为避免采用合成抗菌防霉防腐剂带来的环境污染问题,采用壳寡糖、儿茶素和纳米氧化锌对古木构件进行抗菌试验。采用经典方法对侵蚀微生物进行分离、鉴定,并对壳寡糖、儿茶素和纳米氧化锌的有效抑菌浓度进行研究。侵蚀软性材的细菌主要有铜绿假单孢菌、摩根摩根氏菌和气味黄杆菌,霉菌主要有木素木霉、土曲霉、灰绿曲霉、产黄青霉和无孢目丝核菌;侵蚀硬质材的细菌主要有鲁氏不动杆菌,霉菌主要有康宁木霉、烂木瓶孢霉、产黄青霉、展青霉、考氏头孢霉、细交链孢霉和无孢目丝核菌等。壳寡糖、儿茶素与纳米氧化锌的有效抑菌浓度分别为2．5％、10．0％和5．0％。10％儿茶素对4种主要细菌的抑菌能力大于2．5％壳寡糖和5．0％纳米氧化锌;2．5％壳寡糖对8种丝状真菌的抑菌能力大于10％儿茶素和5．0％纳米氧化锌。鉴于壳寡糖、儿茶素、纳米氧化锌对古木材微生物的选择性作用,考虑到危害河姆渡木材的微生物主要是霉菌,因此将2．5％壳寡糖作为首选的环保型生物抗菌剂。     

志丹苑元代水闸遗址木构件侵蚀微生物的防治研究

为研究志丹苑元代水闸遗址木构件免受微生物危害的方案,本工作采用碘代丙炔基氨基甲酸酯(Iodopropynyl Butyl Carbamate,简称IPBC)处理的方法解决志丹苑元代水闸遗址木构件侵蚀微生物的防治问题。将遗址中处于潮湿环境条件下的木构件经IPBC处理5年后,测得其细菌总量减少89.25%,真菌总量减少55.56%,且木构件中微生物主要类群发生了很大的变化。研究表明,IPBC对于可能导致潮湿环境条件下木构件材质软腐的微生物的生长具有明显的抑制作用。本研究为控制志丹苑元代水闸遗址木构件的微生物危害提供了有效的备选方案。     

利用霉菌指标对博物馆库房环境条件进行评

微生物特别是喜旱菌,如帚状曲霉菌、局限曲霉和散囊属细菌,长期在潮湿环境下容易引起纸张、纺织品和书画等产生狐斑。狐斑是喜旱菌繁殖形成的棕色斑点,这对于展出或者放于库房的文物来说都是严重的问题。一旦霉菌对纸张或纺织品造成污染就很难彻底被清除。为防止菌污染的发生,展出和库房内环境需     

长沙走马楼出土饱水竹简的防腐保存

为防止长沙走马楼出土饱水竹简遭受霉菌侵蚀,用观察不同防毒灭菌剂在不同培养基上杀灭和抑制霉菌效果的方法,筛选出菌毒清、霉敌、新洁尔灭和异噻唑啉酮四种防毒灭菌剂。实验结果表明,它们杀灭、抑制霉菌的生长繁殖效果显,有效期长,对物安全,用量少,产品易得,对水中的霉菌和细菌有很好的抑制和杀灭作用,均可作为饱水竹简和漆木器的杀菌、防毒用剂。     

数字

美国科学家近日发布报告称，他们已将各种细菌分布在人体的具体位置详细绘制出来，并计算得出健康人体内和体表平均每人存在1万多种微生物细菌．重量达数磅（1磅=0.45公斤）。     

石质文物微生物腐蚀机理研究

危害石质物的因素很多,微生物降解作用是主要危害因素之一。本工作研究了微生物腐蚀过程的生物化学和生物物理机理,包括细菌、真菌、光合类微生物和地衣等有关微生物的侵蚀作用过程。了解这一过程对于我们管理和保护石质物具有重要意义。     

棉类纺织品文物霉变菌株的分离与鉴定

纺织品文物霉变研究在纺织品文物保护、修复、贮藏中占重要地位。为了确定馆藏棉类纺织品文物霉变微生物的种类,了解棉织物纺织品文物真菌病害特点,本研究采用PDA培养基对棉类纺织品文物上霉变部位提取微生物进行分离纯化,对纯化后的霉菌进行18S rDNA-ITS序列分析,通过比较NCBI核酸序列数据库序列同源性构建发育树。最终分离纯化共得到6株霉菌,测序结果鉴定为青霉属、交链孢霉属、曲霉属、镰刀属,该四种霉属可能是棉类纺织类文物的致霉优势霉属。利用形态学方法结合分子生物学手段对棉类纺织品文物霉变微生物进行分离鉴定,确保获取结果更加快速和精准,结合当前博物馆对纺织品文物的保护现状,提出棉类纺织品文物综合保护措施,为此类文物的防霉工作以及抗霉材料的开发提供理论依据。     

Microflora of the H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale Member of the Barney Creek Formation (McArthur Group), middle Proterozoic of northern Australia

The H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale Member of the Barney Creek Formation (ca 1 500 my old; northern Australia) contains several stratiform base metal sulfide deposits of economic significance. Black cherts within these mineral deposits preserve a diverse assemblage of bacterial and algal microfossils. The assemblage differs from most other Precambrian biotas so far described in that it was deposited in deep water, it is not associated with stromatolites or algal mats, and it is dominated by filamentous bacteria, most of which are pyritized. Analysis of the assemblage suggests that the depth of the depositional basin exceeded that of the photic zone, that the bacteria inhabited the basin floor where they maintained anoxic conditions through heterotrophic degradation of detrital organic matter, and that the algae inhabited overlying near surface waters. Most of the algal fossils have been assigned to the Cyanophyta, although two of the described species are potentially referable to the eukaryotic green or red algae. Differences between this assemblage and other biotas described from the McArthur Group suggest that a workable system of biostratigraphic zonation for the Group is feasible.

Fossils in the H.Y.C. assemblage are here referred to 21 species and 16 genera, of which 14 species and 6 genera are new. The new taxa are: Bacteria, Biocatenoides incrustata sp. nov., B. pertenuis sp. nov., Ramacia carpentariana gen. et sp. nov., Coleobacter primus gen. et sp. nov., Ferrimonilis variabile gen. et sp. nov.; Chroococcales (Cyanophyta), Nanococcus vulgaris gen. et sp. nov., Bisacculoides tabeoviscus gen. et sp. nov., B. vacua gen. et sp. nov., B. grandis gen. et sp. nov.; Nostocales (Cyanophyta), Oscillatoriopsis schopfii sp. nov., Cyanonema inflatum sp. nov., C. minor sp. nov.; Incertae sedis, Clonophycus elegans gen. et sp. nov., Globophycus minor sp. nov. In addition, the new combination Gunflintia septata (Schopf) is proposed.     

Biostratigraphic potential of Middle Cambrian hyoliths from the eastern Georgina Basin

Fourteen hyolith taxa are documented from the Middle Cambrian (Templetonian to Floran) of the eastern (Queensland) portion of the Georgina Basin, Australia, as a contribution toward a prospective Australian Cambrian hyolith biozonation. The described fauna is from the Beetle Creek Formation (including Monastery Creek Phosphorite Member) and Gowers Formation. Additionally, the enigmatic Cupittheca and some indeterminate hyoliths are figured to illustrate aspects of hyolith morphology. Guduguwan hardmani, widespread in Ordian-early Templetonian strata of northern Australia, is here recorded from the early Templetonian of the eastern Georgina Basin. A new family Gakidae is established for sulcavitide hyolithomorphs with a conch of pentagonally tabernacular transverse section, to include Gaka, Kalkatungu gen. nov. and possibly Dorsolinevitus. New genera are the hyolithid Yalarrnga mara gen. et sp. nov., sulcavitid Kulangarra kutjurru gen. et sp. nov., gakid Kalkatungu murlu gen. et sp. nov. and angusticornid Yuku tjurtu gen. et sp. nov.; new species are Loculitheca kunka sp. nov., Carinolithes tjikilirri sp. nov., ?Sololites kankari sp. nov., ?Shandongolithes thakal sp. nov., ?Gerkella thuka sp. nov. and ?Yacutolituus rakatju sp. nov. Taxa in open nomenclature are Foersteotheca cf. dubecensis, ?Holmitheca sp. and ?Dorsojugatus sp. On present knowledge, the potential for an Australian Cambrian hyolith biozonation is limited in the Early Cambrian, but for the Middle Cambrian, G. hardmani is a widespread Ordian-early Templetonian indicator, while hyolith distribution in the Monastery Creek Phosphorite Member suggests a faunal turnover at or about the incoming of Acidusus atavus which may provide a basis for biozonation in the Floran stage.     

Middle Devonian gastropods from Xiangzhou and Wuxuan,Guangxi, South China

Eighteen taxa of Middle Devonian (Givetian) gastropods, including two new genera and five new species, are présent in the Tungkangling and Yingtang Formations, Wuxuan and Xiangxhou counties, Guangxi Province, China. Pingtianispira tuberculata gen. et sp. nov., Wuxuanella nodusa gen. et sp. nov. and Wuxuanella luifengshanensis sp. nov., Crenulazone wuxuanensis sp. nov. and Murchisonia luifengshanensis sp. nov. are erected from this distinct fauna. The fauna is dominated by nodose and unusual murchisonioids and has strong European and other Old World realm affinities.     

Phosphatic fauna of the Early Cambrian Todd River Dolomite,Amadeus Basin,central Australia

Ten species of phosphatic or phosphatised fossils are described from the Early Cambrian Todd River Dolomite of the Amadeus Basin in central Australia. The tannuolinid genus Micrina nov. is erected to include Platyceras etheridgei Tate 1892. The family Kennardiidae nov. is erected to include phosphatic organisms having three distinct forms of mitral sclerite. Assigned to this family are Kennardia reticulata gen. et sp. nov. and tentatively Dailyatia ajaxBischoff. Other phosphatic problematica are Paterimitra pyramidalis gen. et sp. nov., Eccentrotheca cf. kanesia Landing, Nowlan & Fletcher. Also described are phosphatised Chancelloria sp., Lenastella sp. and Pelagiella sp. and the phosphatic inarticulate brachiopods Askepasma toddensegen. et sp. nov., Edreja aff. distincta Koneva and ?Lingulella sp. Two species of tubular problematica are illustrated but not discussed in detail.     

Acanthodian fish remains from the Lower Devonian Cavan Bluff Limestone (Murrumbidgee Group), Taemas district,New South Wales

A well-preserved acanthodian fish fauna from the Lower Devonian (early Emsian) Cavan Bluff Limestone (Murrumbidgee Group), Taemas, Yass district, New South Wales, consists of dentigerous jawbones, fin spines and scales. Four taxa belonging to the Order Ischnacanthida are recognized including Taemasacanthus erroli Long, 1986 and newly described genera and species Cavanacanthus warrooensis gen. et sp. nov., Cambaracanthus goodhopensis gen. et sp. nov. and Taemasacanthus porca sp. nov. An amended diagnosis is provided for T. erroli. The jawbone of C. warrooensis gen. et sp. nov. is of moderate size and bears a single row of teeth with a circular parabasal section. The jawbone extends in an anterior direction beyond the foremost tooth. C. goodhopensis gen. et sp. nov. is a small to moderate sized jawbone bearing two teeth rows separated by a longitudinal ridge. The teeth of the mesial tooth row, the main tooth row, are circular in parabasal section. The lateral tooth row is weakly developed, bearing one or two incipient teeth. T. porca sp. nov. is represented by a small curved jawbone (mesially concave) bearing two teeth rows separated by a prominent longitudinal ridge. The teeth of both tooth rows have a circular parabasal section. The anterior extension of this ridge beyond the foremost tooth represents approximately one quarter the length of the jawbone. These fishes inhabited a Lower Devonian carbonate platform consisting of patch reefs built upon a muddy substrate on a low energy shallow marine shelf which was subjected to frequent storm surges.     

Biofilm growth in human skeletal material from ancient Mesopotamia

Investigators have long recognised the effects of microbial activity on archaeological bone. These investigators, however, have focused on single or groups of microbes rather than on complex microbial aggregates such as biofilms, a focus that has affected our understanding of archaeological bone biodeterioration. In this paper, we report on the investigation of a biofilm in archaeological human bone from the site of Tell Leilan, Syria (2900–1900 BCE). Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the biofilm is characterised by single cells and microcolonies of bacteria and fungi, as well as calcite crystals that were all embedded within extracellular polymeric substances. Using culture techniques and DNA sequencing, we isolated and identified several microbes from the biofilm including Amycolatopsis sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., and Cladosporium sp. Having characterised the Leilan biofilm, we are now closer to understanding the complex process of bone biodeterioration in archaeological bone collections.     

New Early Triassic Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) genera and species from South China

Peng, Y. & Shi, G.R., June, 2008. New Early Triassic Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) genera and species from South China. Alcheringa 32, 149–170. ISSN 0311-5518.

Two new genera, Sinolingularia gen. nov. and Sinoglottidia gen. nov., together with three new species, Sinolingularia huananensis gen. et sp. nov., Sinolingularia yini gen. et sp. nov. and Sinoglottidia archboldi gen. et sp. nov., are described on the basis of a large collection of well-preserved specimens from several sections straddling the Permian – Triassic boundary in South China.     

Late Devonian thelodonts (Agnatha) from the Gneudna Formation,Carnarvon Basin,Western Australia

Dermal denticles of two thelodont agnathans, Australolepis seddoni gen. et sp. nov., and a possible nikoliviid gen. et sp. indet. are described from the Gneudna Formation, a marine sequence of interbedded limestone and shale exposed on the eastern edge of the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. The age and significance of these new forms are discussed. The Gneudna Formation is Late Devonian, probably early Frasnian, which, if confirmed, makes these the youngest thelodonts known to date.     

Early Carboniferous Bivalvia from western Argentina

González, C. R., Early carboniferous Bivalvia from western Argentina. Alcheringa 18, 169–185. ISSN 0311-5518.

Lower Carboniferous deposits of western Argentina yield invertebrates and plant remains. In the Tournaisian epoch, a transgression from the ‘Pacific’ flooded the Rio Blanco Basin, forming a semi-restricted inland sea. Marine invertebrates of this age comprise the Malimanian fauna, which is based on the Protocanites-Rossirhynchus Assemblage. Eleven species of Bivalvia are here described Palaeoneilo subquadratum sp. nov., Malimania triangularis gen. et sp. nov., Phestia sp., Volsellina? sp. Posidoniella malimanensis sp. nov., Leptodesma? sp., Schizodus sp., Cypricardinia? sp., Edmondia? sp., Sanguinolites punillanus sp. nov., and Vacunella? sp. nov. They are accompanied by gastropods, trilobites, conularids and corals. The Malimanian fauna is regarded as a poorly to moderately varied assemblage that was influenced by some basinal restrictions. It was probably connected to faunas of Chile and Peru, and lived during a stage of mild climate before the beginning of the Late Palaeozoic ice age.     

Tertiary megafossil flora of Maslin Bay,South Australia: numerical taxonomic study of selected leaves

Four taxa of fossil leaves from Eocene strata at Maslin Bay, South Australia, are described with particular reference to architectural and epidermal features. Comparisons with extant and fossil taxa indicate that the families Podocarpaceae (Decussocarpus maslinensis sp. nov.), Proteaceae (Banksieaephyllum incisum sp. nov., Maslinia grevilleoides gen. et sp. nov.) and Araliaceae (Parafatsia subpeltata gen. et sp. nov.) are represented. The taxonomic affinities of the fossils support the interpretation of a wet, subtropical climate during the Middle Eocene in the Maslin Bay region.