乌尔会河之战

康熙二十九年(1690)六月,清军与准噶尔军在内蒙古乌珠穆沁左翼旗境内的乌尔会河①发生了双方历史上的第一次大冲突,是役以清军的惨败告终,史称"乌尔会河之战"。这是一场极为重要的战役,对随后的乌兰布通之战及噶尔丹的败亡均产生了深远的影响。由于史料原因,乌尔会河之战尚未被充分论述,也未见专文发表。笔者利用各种文献史料,考察此次战争的起因,战场的布局,双方的兵力、装备、战术、指挥等环节和战争的结果,以供研究者作进一步探讨。     

论大凌河之战

大凌河之战 ,后金将围城、和谈、攻坚、打援相结合 ,是中国古代军事史上围城打援、亦战亦款的成功战例。本文叙述战役过程并分析双方得失 ,阐明此役的影响 :后金变革军制 ,开始组建八旗汉军 ,调整对明兵略 ,深入中原 ,掳掠财富。大凌河之战 ,后金获得战略性的胜利 ,明朝遭到战略性的失败———加速了明亡清兴的历史进程。     

1933年国防作战计划

1933年5月30日《塘沽协定》签订后,国民政府默认了日本对东三省与热河的占领,并失去了河北十九个县和两个设治区的实际统治权,面临着空前的民族危机与统治危机。在此情势下,国民政府有关部门制定了《国防作战计划》。本刊曾于1987年第四期与1988年第一期刊登过国民政府1937年度国防作战计划甲案、乙案,现将1933年的国防作战计划公布,以供史学界同仁参考。     

论武汉会战始于安徽省和县保卫战

武汉会战,是抗日战争时期中国军队在武汉地区同日本侵略军展开的一场会战。传统观点认为:武汉会战大致是从1938年6月12日日军侵占安庆开始,到同年10月25日中国守军主动放弃武汉为止,历时4个多月。本文的主要贡献是根据新发现的相关史料,认为武汉会战应从1938年4月23日至24日安徽省和县保卫战开始,这就将武汉会战开始的时间提前了一个多月,整个会战的时间增加到6个月有余。并对人们知之甚少的和县保卫战进行了梳理和评价,提高了可歌可泣的和县保卫战的地位,颂扬了抗战女英雄成本华的抗战精神。     

桓仁县境最大的古战场--细说萨尔浒大战的东线之战

1619年,明朝廷决定分兵东、西、南、北四路.进攻后金.本文根据史料记载和当地出土的一些文物.详细介绍了由刘綎率领的东路军的作战情况.     

The Equity and Legitimacy of Markets for Ecosystem Services

Markets for ecosystem services are being promoted across the developing world, amidst claims that the provision of economic incentives is vital to bring about resource conservation. This article argues that equity and legitimacy are also critical dimensions in the design and implementation of such markets, if social development goals beyond economic gains are to be achieved. The article examines this issue by focusing on two communities involved in a project for carbon sequestration services of forests in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. The perceived legitimacy of the activities and the distribution of economic outcomes and project‐related information are found to be mediated by organizational allegiances and the history of social relations regarding access to property and forest resources. Political affiliation determines the project's legitimacy, while the poorest farmers and women have been excluded from project design and implementation. The authors argue that pitfalls such as these contribute to reinforcing existing power structures, inequities and vulnerabilities, and suggest that this is a product of the nature of emerging markets. Markets for ecosystem services are, in effect, limited in promoting more legitimate forms of decision making and a more equitable distribution of their outcomes.     

论蒙元初期的正统论

与两宋、金代相比,蒙元初期正统论明显有新的突破。一是突破了传统夷夏之防的藩篱,为元末修辽宋金三史确定"各与正统"的原则奠定了基础,体现出一种开放的意识。二是在理论上达到了新的水平。特别是杨奂、郝经标举"王道"或"中国之道",超越了从前以血缘、民族、天命、德运、地域、国势等因素来论正统的思维模式,因而更具理性色彩和进步意义。     

Peter Brown's The Rise of Western Christendom, Second Edition: A Review Essay

Peter Brown, perhaps the world's leading scholar in the field of late antiquity, has produced a substantially revised and expanded edition of one of his major books, drawing on the vast volume of recent work. This essay summarizes its central arguments, especially the significance it attributes to developments away from the Mediterranean and to the seventh century, which together allow the topic to be seen in a compelling new light. It applauds the sustained excellence of Brown's prose, as well as his frame of reference and historical imagination. Some questions are raised concerning his deployment of sources, the importance given to the north, the ability to make decisions that people are credited with, and the coming of Islam. That a scholar of Brown's eminence is able to relish and appropriate effectively work that appeared subsequent to the first edition of this book is a tribute to his stature.