高精度磁法在陕西岐山考古中的应用

本文分析了高精度磁法对地下历史遗存进行无损考古探测的基本原理,介绍了高精度磁法在陕西省岐山县周原遗址考古中的应用和取得的重要考古发现,揭示了高精度磁法应用于考古具有很强的可操作性、优越性和广阔的前景。     

水下被掩埋沉船的地球物理调查

本文在简要介绍可用于水域考古的物探方法及各自的特点外,结合在长江某河道使用磁法勘察技术发现河床中被掩埋的7条金属沉船的实例,讨论寻找水下磁性物体的方法技术,以及在考古工作中使用高精度磁测能发现的最小磁性体场源及相应的最大有效探测埋深。     

蓝田咀头遗址的磁测考古

在传统考古调查研究的基础上,应用现代地磁探测技术,通过咀头遗址的地磁考古探测,初步掌握了地磁探测这一新的科技考古手段。总结了一种具有高效率、直观、非破坏性等特点的遗址探测方法,一该方法将考古与磁测相结合,将揭示出更多古遗址的真实面貌。地磁探测技术将在大遗址的考古调查及保护方面发挥独特的优势。     

高精度磁测技术在考古中的应用

高精度磁测技术在考古中的应用曲赞磁测技术是一种有效的地球物理勘探方法，用于考古研究开始于１９５８年。当时主要是用来确定古代炼铁炉和砖瓦窑的具体位置，以及通过探测古墓葬的石头地基来寻找古墓①。由于该方法具有速度快、成本低、效果好和无损伤的优点，几十年来...     

浮梁磁局及其窑场与产品探

根据相关实物和文献推知,浮梁磁局的设置很可能与当时元廷需要质“纯”的祭器有关,湖田窑刘家坞烧造的“玉”字铭器等,很可能就是至元八年成立的“元宸院”在至元十五年浮梁磁局成立之初烧造的第一批制品。元代磁局的管理者,在泰定间已由中央政府派员管理改为饶州路总管监督;其时的“官窑”很可能是选择了景德镇地区奈件较好,有一定基础的民窑作为定点窑场．官匠可能居此进行皇家用瓷的烧造。从目前掌握的考古资料看,磁局的窑场大概在湖田窑和珠山明御厂一带。磁局产品除学界一般公认的传世品中一些有特异纹饰的制品和珠山明御厂故址与湖田窑出土的一些带有明显元代官窑特征的产品外,著名的“至正十一年”铭青花象耳瓶以及与该器类型相似的制品,当为磁局工匠为民间订烧的制品,亦属磁局烧制的官窑产品。     

几种现代实验技术在古陶瓷考古学中的应用

概要介绍X射线衍射、原子发射光谱、差热分析、扫描电子显微镜、电子微区能谱分析、磁.性测量等现代实验手段在古陶瓷考古学中的某些应用,并指出通过以上各种不同方法所能得到的重要的考古学信息,展示了科技考古学广阔的应用领域和发展前景。     

浅论电法、磁法在地下古墓葬探测中的应用

古墓葬是田野考古工作中颇为常见的研究对象.探索地球的物理勘探(物探)技术在地下古墓葬探测中的应用,具有极为普遍的意义.从已面世的应用实例中可见,目前,考古工作者在此项应用中使用了多种物探方法.其中效果较为显著的多属电法、磁法类的探测结果.应用实践说明,电法、磁……     

利用Arcgis和Adobe Illustrator软件绘制遗迹图的方法及其应用

文章介绍了应用ArcGis和Adobe Ilustrator软件进行考古田野绘图的方法,并分析了利用该方法绘图的优点,同时对其在考古工作、研究和文物保护等方面拓展应用及意义进行了剖析。     

安丙家族墓文物考古测绘探讨

本详细描述了利用近景摄影测绘手段进行安丙家族墓的物考古测绘过程和技术方法,并就近景摄影测量方法和制图方法在物测绘、考古测绘及艺术表现等方面的应用进行了探讨。     

“微量元素分组法”的验证与应用

近年来,牛津大学考古与艺术史实验室提出微量元素分组的方法研究铜器原料的流通。本文简要介绍了该方法的原理,并以前掌大、叶家山、郑州商城、城洋等地铜器数据为例对该方法的可行性进行验证。结果表明铜器的考古学背景与微量分组之间可以准确对应。基于研究实践,文章还概括了该方法在中国古代青铜器研究中的应用方向。     

对盘龙城Ⅰ号磁异常场源性质的认识

本文介绍了2006年在盘龙城进行的田野考古物探工作的过程和新的发现。文章从投入田野考古物探的方法技术要求、野外数据资料采集的质量评价、数据资料的处理和图示进行了介绍·重点描述了对所发现的M1磁异常场源性质的认识、分析和探讨的过程,指出引起位于盘龙城府河河滩上的Ⅰ号磁异常的场源很可能是规模较大的地下人文构筑物。     

几何形态测量在动物考古学中的应用:基本理论与方法

几何形态测量是一门将生物的形态量化并进行研究的学科,由生物学引入至动物考古学后,主要应用于动物牙齿和骨骼形态的测量与判定,近些年来,在物种鉴定、家畜起源等方面提供了更加科学、可靠的新思路与新成果。目前,我国动物考古学对几何形态测量的认识尚浅,应用也有待普及。因此,本文从几何形态测量的历史、特点、基础理论与实际操作等方面入手,概括介绍近些年来国际上该方法在动物考古学中的应用实例,并对这门新兴学科在中国的未来发展进行展望。     

Identifying archaeological wood stack charcoal production sites using geophysical prospection: magnetic characteristics from a modern wood stack charcoal burn site

Charcoal making was a common process in the woodlands of Britain for many centuries. However, historic ‘wood stack’ production sites are difficult to identify. This paper tests the hypothesis that geophysical survey is an appropriate method for the discovery and identification of archaeological charcoal making sites. A traditional wood stack charcoal kiln was constructed in Low Staindale, Dalby Forest, near Pickering, North Yorkshire, to investigate the charcoaling process and the effect of low-temperature carbonisation on the magnetic properties of the soil underlying the kiln. The results from temperature monitoring (within and beneath the charcoal stack) throughout the charcoaling process, geophysical surveys across the charcoal kiln platform, and laboratory analysis of soil and ash samples, are presented. The degree to which the magnetic properties of the ground beneath the charcoal kiln had been enhanced as a consequence of this low-temperature process is discussed. Whilst some magnetic enhancement to the soil beneath the kiln platform was recorded, enhancement appears to be the result of contamination from the wood stack sealing material rather than the effect of heat transfer resulting from the charcoaling process. The results suggest that whilst historic wood stack charcoal production sites are likely to remain an enigmatic and under-reported feature in the archaeological landscape, geophysical prospection does have the potential for identification of these sites.     

MEAN SHIFT: A NON‐PARAMETRIC ALGORITHM FOR THE SEGMENTATION OF ANOMALIES IN GEOPHYSICAL IMAGES OBTAINED FROM MAGNETIC PROSPECTION DATA

This paper studies the applicability of the Mean Shift algorithm as support in interpreting geophysical images produced, on this occasion, from magnetic prospection data. The data obtained from a magnetic survey carried out in Gilena (Seville province, Spain) by the La Rábida Archaeophysics Group will be used for the research. Its applicability is illustrated by comparing, on the one hand, some reduction‐to‐pole algorithms and on the other, the (well‐known) k‐means algorithm. Finally, the paper shows the results obtained by applying the Mean Shift algorithm as an alternative method to ‘unsupervised clustering’ of anomalies that appear in images obtained from geophysical data, in which the a priori knowledge of the number of classes is difficult or impossible.     

地球物理勘探方法在云冈石窟保护中的应用

地球物理勘探方法是一种有效的地质探测技术,它可依据岩体不同构造、岩石的地球物理性质不同产生的不同物理场来了解岩体地质特征而石窟寺的风化与其所处的岩体的性质有着密切的关系,所以,在石窟保护中应用地球物理勘探方法了解石窟赋存岩体的地质特征具有重要意义。本研究系统介绍了在石窟保护中常用的各种地球物理勘探方法的原理,回顾了电法勘探、探地雷达、地震勘探、井中物探等技术在世界文化遗产云冈石窟保护中的应用情况,同时指出了已有工作中存在的问题。     

3D modelling of magnetic data from an archaeological site in north-western Tlaxcala state,Mexico

In Archaeology, geophysical methods had been applied usually in a qualitative form, limited only to the use of filters that enhance the data display. The main objective in this work is the implementation of a modelling technique that allows us to reconstruct the geometry of buried bodies and the determination of their depths. This is done by means of the estimation of the magnetic moments of archaeological objects using a three-dimensional mesh of individual magnetic dipoles using the least squares method and the singular value decomposition of a weighted matrix to solve the linear problem. The distribution and shape of the underlying archaeological remains can be inferred. This methodology was applied to an archaeological site called Los Teteles de Ocotitla, in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico. A high-resolution magnetic prospection was carried out in three selected areas (terraces). The most important total field anomalies found on each area were inverted, obtaining results that were corroborated by archaeological excavations. This investigation demonstrates the potential of quantitative geophysical methods for the characterization of archaeological structures, in extension and in depth.     

苏家村遗址烧土样品的过火温度研究

烧土制品作为最早的人工建筑材料,使人类的居住环境得到了根本性的改善。然而,学界关于烧土建筑的成因存在人为烘烤处理、缘自火焚、废弃习俗等多种观点。通过科技手段研究烧土制品的过火温度,有助于科学分析烧土建筑的成因,探讨与之相关的建筑工艺,丰富史前建筑史研究。磁学研究表明,考古遗址中的土壤及其他沉积物在受热后新生成了磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等强磁性矿物导致磁性显著增强,且矿物成分和磁性几乎不会再发生变化;但当重烧的温度接近或大于原始烧成温度时,样品中原始矿物的破坏或新矿物的生成,会引起矿物磁性的改变。基于这一原理,实验室内分析受热黏土的磁化率随再加热温度的变化特征,可反映烧土制品的过火温度。苏家村遗址是大汶口文化晚期至龙山文化中期早段一处重要的聚落遗址,遗址中第5层为厚约20～40 cm的红烧土层且覆盖整个遗址,推测为房屋倒塌造成的建筑垃圾堆积层或人为堆积层,出土大量烧土块。本研究利用X射线衍射分析法、X射线荧光光谱分析法和磁化率法等对苏家村遗址出土的烧土样品开展了组成及构造特征和样品的过火温度的综合分析。结果表明,苏家村遗址烧土样品中的白灰层中人为地添加了白色陶土原料,土层中有意地添加了植物残骸作...     

Geomorphic Methods in Oil and Gas Prospecting

The structural-geomorphic technique advocated for use in oil and gas prospecting is based on the influence of geologic structure on the development and appearance of surface relief. Structural-geomorphic analysis is most effective in areas where inherited surface forms predominate; it is more difficult to apply in areas with a young, dynamic surface relief. The morphometric school in structural analysis focuses on map measurements of drainage patterns, valley asymmetry, stream orders and slopes. The genetic school emphasizes study of the origin and age of surface forms. Another geomorphic method in oil and gas prospecting is the paleogeomorphic technique, based on the prediction of the occurrence of hydrocarbons in stratigraphic and lithologic traps associated with the regional pinch-out of permeable rocks. Structural-geomorphic maps showing types of surface relief and their relationship to geological structure are an important aid in oil and gas prospecting.     

THE BRITISH ARCHAEOMAGNETIC CALIBRATION CURVE: AN OBJECTIVE TREATMENT

This paper examines the limitations and deficiencies of the current archaeomagnetic calibration curve in use in Britain and explores a different approach to its construction, drawing on recent advances in this subject, in particular the use of a weighted moving window method of averaging. The main advantage of this method is shown to be its ability to take into account uncertainties in both the magnetic direction and the archaeological date of data used in the calibration curve, leading to a secular variation curve with an associated error estimate. Hence, when dating a magnetic direction, the uncertainties in the calibration curve can be taken into account, as well as the uncertainties in the magnetic direction to be dated.     

Consideration on the construction process and the sandstone quarries during the Angkor period based on the magnetic susceptibility

Detailed magnetic susceptibility measurement was conducted on the sandstones used for the Angkor monuments constructed in the period spanning the Preah Ko and Angkor Wat styles, and the construction process of the buildings and quarries of the sandstones was considered. Combined with the previous study on the sandstones of the Bayon style [Uchida, E., Cunin, O., Shimoda, I., Suda, C., Nakagawa, T., 2003. The construction process of the Angkor monuments elucidated by the magnetic susceptibility of sandstone, Archaeometry 45, 221–232], the magnetic susceptibility measurement revealed that there were 7 sandstone quarries corresponding to Stages I, II, III, IVa, V, VII and VIIIb during the Angkor period. The sandstones used for the monuments belonging to Stage I show average magnetic susceptibility values ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 × 10⁻³ SI units. In the Bakheng style period (Stage II), the average magnetic susceptibility of the supplied sandstones decreased gradually from around 10 to 1 × 10⁻³ SI units over time. The magnetic susceptibility range of the sandstones used for the monuments of Stage III was from 2.3 to 3.0 × 10⁻³ SI units. In the early Angkor Wat style period (IVb), the average magnetic susceptibility of the supplied sandstones increased over time, reflecting the supply of the sandstones from two different quarries, that is, the quarry corresponding to the Khleang and Baphuon style monuments (Stage IVa), with low average magnetic susceptibilities of 1.1 to 2.4 × 10⁻³ SI units, and the quarry corresponding to the main Angkor Wat style monuments (Stage V), with high average magnetic susceptibilities ranging from 2.8 to more than 4.3 × 10⁻³ SI units. The sandstones of Stage VII show low average magnetic susceptibility around 1 × 10⁻³ SI unit. The sandstones of Stage VId is a mixture of sandstones of Stages V and those of Stage VII. The sandstones with high magnetic susceptibilities are found in the monuments belonging to Stage VIIIb, reflecting the supply from the new sandstone quarry.