唐墓壁画地仗层加固及材料研究

本文针对唐墓壁画地仗层所使用的石灰结构,剖析相应石灰加固材料的化学作用机理,完全模仿唐墓壁画地仗层固有性能和材质,经过模拟实验,系统的给出了唐墓壁画地仗层加固的方法和操作工艺。并在唐墓壁画地仗层的加固和隔离层的制作中得到了成功应用,从而彻底摆脱了在唐墓壁画地仗层加固材料上国内外常用的石灰中混入各种其他材料加有机高分子混合材料的做法。     

唐武惠妃墓“男装幞头捧盒仕女图”壁画的保护修复

地仗层和颜料层的大面积缺失是唐墓壁画保护修复工作中经常遇到的问题,本文以唐武惠妃墓"男装幞头捧盒仕女图"壁画为案例,从古代壁画原始白灰层与现代熟石灰填补层表面微观形貌的差异性分析入手,结合X射线荧光(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、超景深显微镜等技术手段的运用,改变修复思路,调整技术路线,以反复试验的结果证实了复合型胶凝材料能够避免传统修复中使用单一型石灰材料所造成的新填补层表面龟裂等常见问题,不仅成功完成了对该壁画的保护工作,也为馆藏墓葬壁画的保护修复技术和材料筛选带来了新的可参考思路。     

墓葬壁画胶结材料的探讨分析

胶结材料不仅对稳定墓葬壁画结构、形成颜色起着关键作用,而且是壁画制作材料、工艺研究的重要组成部分.因其成分复杂、降解明显、含量极低,一直是国内外壁画分析保护的热点和难点.本文以我国几处不同时代、地域的典型墓葬壁画作为研究对象,运用成熟的GC-MS分析技术发现杨桥畔东汉墓、韩休唐墓壁画的颜料层均采用了桐油作胶结材料,湖南明墓壁画地仗层不仅添加有桐油,还存在有淀粉.基于上述实验结果,探讨了桐油、淀粉作为墓葬壁画胶结物的科学合理性.本研究丰富、扩宽了研究者对我国墓葬壁画胶结材料的认知,为壁画制作工艺、劣化机理、保护修复材料选择等研究奠定了科学基础.     

西安新发现的两座元代墓葬壁画颜料研究

西安市雁塔区集中发现了一处元代家族墓,是陕西重要考古新发现之一。其中两座编号为M38、M40的墓葬残留壁画,壁画残损但颜色鲜艳,基本保留了颜料层结构信息。为了解这两座元墓壁画的颜料类型,通过剖面显微观察、扫描电子显微镜-能谱、拉曼光谱和显微红外光谱分析等多种方法,对壁画颜料成分开展了调查分析。结果显示:壁画颜料包含矿物颜料和有机染料——红色颜料有铅丹、朱砂、铁红,黑色颜料为炭黑,白色颜料为白垩,绿色颜料为石绿,蓝色颜料为石青和靛蓝；墓葬M38的壁画有白灰层,墓葬M40的壁画无白灰层。靛蓝的应用是西安地区继唐代韩休墓壁画中发现之后的又一使用实例,为靛蓝在元代作为绘画材料在壁画中的使用提供了新的资料。研究结果也将为两处元代墓葬壁画后续的保护修复提供重要参考。     

唐墓壁画载体的特殊性及传统工艺

唐墓壁画由于长期被置于地下墓室的特殊环境,在制作工艺和材料的选择上与地上绘画艺术有很大的不同。本文剖析了唐墓壁画的特殊结构和特性;从传统工艺出发,介绍了唐墓壁画载体的材料及制作工艺;从理论上分析了唐墓壁画的主要载体一石灰地仗的收缩、开裂的防治方法。     

河北宣化辽金壁画墓发掘简报

2006年6月,张家口市宣化区文物保管所在河北省张家口市宣化区宣化古城北的山麓下距宣化下八里辽代壁画墓群约1000米处发掘了一座壁画墓。此墓墓室用石板围合而成,平面呈长方形,石板表面均施白灰地仗,东壁、南壁及北壁上绘有壁画,壁画题材有备茶等内容。从壁画内容和墓葬形制分析,此墓的年代为辽代晚期至金代中期。     

墓葬壁画地仗层加固修复技术研究

任何形式的古代壁画,其结构主要都是由基础支撑体、地仗层、颜料层三部分组成。但各种类型壁画的制作工艺不同,所使用的材料也不同。壁画的地仗层下与支撑体黏接,上又是颜料层的载体,地仗层性质的优劣直接关系到壁画能否长期保存,许多壁画的毁坏都是因地仗层的毁坏而引发的。本文针对陕西唐昭陵长乐公主墓壁画,河北湾漳北齐墓壁画、河南洛阳唐安国相王孺人崔氏墓壁画地仗层的保护修复,从壁画制作材料与工艺、修复工艺、外观等方面详细介绍三种不同的墓葬壁画原地仗层加固方法,并进行了比较。     

西安长安区韩家湾M29墓壁画现场清理及保护

西安长安区韩家湾M29墓,由斜坡墓道、壁龛、天井、过洞、甬道、砖券墓室组成。墓道口与甬道之间,绘有青龙,白虎,侍者等,壁画的内容及表现方式丰富了对唐代中晚期墓葬壁画的认识。为对其进行保护,用XRD、SEM-EDX、Micro-Raman等技术对该壁画结构和颜料成分进行分析,同时对壁画进行了现场清理及保护。结果表明该墓室壁画的制作是在墓道两壁上先抹一层草拌泥地仗,再于其上刷一层白灰后绘制,绘制壁画的颜料主要为黑色,黑色颜料的呈色物相为炭黑。     

河北张家口宣化辽金壁画墓发掘简报

2013年4月,张家口市宣化区文物保管所在河北省张家口市宣化区宣化古城北的山麓下、距宣化下八里辽代壁画墓群约1000米处抢救性发掘了一座壁画墓。此墓以石板围合而成,平面呈长方形,墓室四壁表面均施白灰地仗,其上绘有壁画,壁画内容有备酒、备茶和散乐等。根据壁画内容及墓葬形制分析,此墓的年代应为辽代晚期至金代中期。这座墓葬的发掘,为研究辽金时期的社会生活和美术史提供了重要资料。     

唐韩休墓壁画制作工艺及材质研究

利用体视显微镜、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)、微区X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)等方法,对韩休壁画墓材质和工艺进行了研究和探讨。壁画的制作工艺为:在0.7厘米左右的草拌泥层上涂抹0.15到0.37厘米厚以碳酸钙为主要成分的白灰层,之后在其上进行绘画,颜料层厚变化较大。在颜料使用的方面,发现了一种少见的黄色矿物颜料钒铅矿,同时发现该墓葬还使用了有机植物染料靛蓝,上述两种颜料在我国已经发现的墓葬壁画和石窟壁画中均较少见。壁画所使用的其他颜料为唐代常见的矿物颜料,但发现了铅丹颜料变色的中间产物。上述工作为唐墓壁画研究提供更多的参考。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the