The Two Earliest Maps of Hull

Abstract

This article seeks to date more accurately the two earliest-known maps of Hull. From both internal and external evidence, it is suggested that both are military engineers’ plans of fortifications, one probably drawn in 1538/9, the other in 1541/2.     

Fortifications and Enclosures in European Prehistory: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

This article reviews recent research into the archaeological interpretation and investigation of fortifications and enclosures during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Europe. Recent methodological, technological, and cultural developments have expanded our understanding of the temporal, spatial, and formal variability of these features on the landscape. Interpretations of this variability also have varied with different theoretical trends in the discipline. We advocate a cross-cultural approach that focuses on the occurrence of enclosures and fortifications over the long term at the continental scale. Such a macroscalar approach complements interpretive frameworks at the regional and microregional scales. The geographic and temporal distribution of these features indicates that social institutions associated with principles of segmentation and substitutability became formalized and tethered to the landscape during the Neolithic.     

汤和“沿海筑城”问题考补

明代信国公汤和"沿海筑城"问题在明代文献及其以后撰著的明代史料中有不少分歧。对于这一事件发生的时间有五种说法,但只有其中一种是正确的,这就是洪武十九年二月以后到洪武二十年十一月之间。汤和所筑城池分布在"浙东西沿海"之地,不少明清文献所谓汤和在沿海所修筑城池分布于"登莱至浙江"沿海的说法是不正确的。这一错误来源于郑晓等的错误认识,以后诸多文献承袭此说,遂一错再错。汤和所筑城池包括新建、修葺、扩建、改建等形式,五十九城是个实数。     

三峡地区的船形杯及其制盐功能分析

一．船形杯的考古发现 近年来,由于三峡地区盐业考古所取得的进展,船形杯逐渐引起了学者的重视。但是,关于船形杯的系统介绍却并不多,笔者在此作一简单介绍,以就教于方家。     

关于太平天国运动反帝反封建的思考

滥觞于19世纪中叶的太平天国运动建立了与清政府对峙的政权长达十余年之久,且给清政府和西方列强以巨大的冲击,把历代的农民起义推向了最高峰。但由于自身的局限性和所处的时代背景,这场农民运动尚不具有反帝反封建的性质。     

论晚清上海作为全国外贸中心的影响力(1864-1904)——以外贸埠际转运为视角

作为中国最早开放的通商口岸之一,上海开埠后即迅速跃升为全国对外贸易中心。上海通过与各口岸间的外贸埠际转运,将其外贸影响辐射至大半个中国,显示出其全国外贸中心的地位。本文利用系统的海关数据及文字报告,阐述了晚清上海外贸埠际转运在全国的地位、上海的外贸转运网络及其特点,以此为视角反映出晚清上海作为全国外贸中心的影响力。