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1.
Anne Yentsch 《Archaeologies》2011,7(1):170-221
Using a woman-centered approach, artifact assemblages and background documents are analyzed to discern gender behavior and
ethnic variations in women’s work—cooking, dining, housecleaning—in more frivolous areas—flowers, pets, girls’ toys—and personal
adornment. Issues of gender bias are discussed. The data show that negative evidence (absence vs. presence) is, at times,
misleading and must be carefully considered. Detailed study of the artifacts connected with Irish women suggests their gender
values that organized their lives differed from those of Anglo-American women who had a voice in small expressive purchases
while men made final decisions on major household purchases. Irish women owned small items too. However, a crucial distinction
was an element not covered by the archaeology: a house of their own and owner-occupied, a fact solely visible in documents. 相似文献
2.
Aant Elzinga 《Archaeologies》2011,7(1):290-294
Alexandra Hofm?nner’s paper is stimulating and provocative. For science and technology studies (STS) it importantly reintroduces
a lost dimension, philosophical anthropology 1968; in a critique of Western science, Jürgen Habermas of the Frankfurt School
retrieved this dimension and distinguished three “knowledge constitutive interests” whereof the “technical instrumental” associated
an empirical-positivist ideal pinned on measurement and control. Such epistemic categories however soon fell outside mainstream
science studies, even if Andrew Feenberg—a student of Herbert Marcuse—persistently pursues a broad critical theory of technology. 相似文献
3.
Cheng Hu 《Frontiers of History in China》2011,6(2):243-263
This paper focuses on the Shanghai Moral Welfare Committee (renamed the Shanghai Moral Welfare League in 1920), which was
founded on May 16, 1918, following a decision made by seventeen foreign religious and secular charities of the Shanghai International
Settlement. In 1919–24, the Municipal Council of the Shanghai International Settlement declared a five-year timeframe for
gradually shutting down all the brothels under its administration. The few previous studies of this topic by European and
American scholars mainly concentrated on the aspect of venereal disease prevention and the prohibition of prostitution, as
well as the construction of gender, but they paid little attention to the Moral Welfare Committee as a primary advocate of
this reform. As such, this event has been misrepresented as yet another story about the modernization and spiritual salvation
of Chinese society by Western municipal authorities and moral reformers. However, the Committee, created by foreign moral
reformers in Shanghai, was primarily focused on white males with venereal diseases and white prostitutes, in order to reestablish
an image of the Western Christian countries as civilized in Chinese eyes. Underlying this effort was a strong sense—among
foreign communities in China at that time—of superiority over Chinese society in both civilization and morality. However,
this arrogance was rife with insecurities; foreign reformers lacked necessary confidence in their civilized image and in their
capacity to set themselves up as a model for the moral discipline and salvation of the Chinese people. 相似文献
4.
James M. Bayman 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2009,13(2):127-157
Archaeologically informed history is vital for examining the consequences of emergent colonialism in the nineteenth century
and earlier, since documentary sources are silent on many facets of everyday life. Interpretations of contact and colonialism
in Oceania often highlight rapid changes in the technologies and practices of its traditional island societies. In Hawai‘i,
the top-down imposition of indigenous elite power greatly influenced the rate and character of technological change, as commoner
access to European and American goods was initially curtailed in this highly stratified society. Although indigenous elites
purposively used imported goods and technologies to materialize their hybrid identity—and to expand their political and economic
power—this phenomenon presaged the development of unrestrained colonialism by Euro-Americans in the late nineteenth century.
This study illustrates the need to examine a range of cultural and historical contingencies in studies of technological change
during periods of emergent colonialism. 相似文献
5.
6.
In Soviet-occupied East Germany during the mid- to late 1940s,a remarkable but scarcely remarked-upon transition took place.Hundreds of thousands of young Germans who had previously beenmembers of the Nazi youth organizations, the Hitler Youth (HJ)and the League of German Girls (BDM) flocked to join the Communist-ledFree German Youth (FDJ), a unisex united youth organizationfounded under Soviet auspices in March 1946. This paper examinesthe experiences of this twice betrayed generation,whose members rapidly—though with varying degrees of enthusiasm—switchedallegiance from Nazism to Communism after the Second World Warand ultimately exchanged life in one authoritarian youth organizationfor life in another. Drawing on archival and interview material,it first seeks to outline Communist attitudes towards denazificationamong the young in the postwar period, before going on to examinefrom a grass-roots perspective the experiences, motivations,and attitudes of those who exchanged their HJ or BDM membershipbooks for those of the FDJ. Despite, or perhaps because of,East Germany's strongly-espoused and rigidly dogmatic anti-fascism,open discussion of the Nazi past was—for a variety ofreasons—taboo during the immediate postwar period, particularlyamong the young. This paper concludes by discussing the reasonsbehind this pact of silence between the Communistsand the Hitler Youth generation—and howit impacted upon subsequent generations of young people borninto socialism. 相似文献
7.
David W. Phillipson 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):257-274
An overview is offered of the development of research—both archaeological and epigraphic—on the inhabitants of the northern
Horn during the first millennium bc. Initially, reconstructions of this period placed considerable emphasis on links with southern Arabia and tended to group
those into a single cultural category that was designated ‘Pre-Aksumite’. It is now argued that long-distance contacts were
much less pervasive, being largely restricted to the élite, and that other aspects of life—including much material culture
and subsistence economy—displayed strong local continuity from earlier times. Similarly, it is argued that interpretation
of the epigraphic evidence as indicating a single ‘Pre-Aksumite’ state called D'MT is unjustified. 相似文献
8.
Maria O’Donovan 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(2):267-278
The Catskill Mountains in upstate New York have been a tourist destination since the early nineteenth century. At a superficial
level, the history of Catskill tourism follows a basic trajectory from elite destination in the nineteenth century to more
inclusive tourist area in the twentieth century. This trajectory incorporates a “trickle down” theory of tourism and leisure
that masks the complexity of changes in social relations. Jewish tourism in the Catskills evidences how class, ethnic, and
gender relations intertwined in the creation of a specific place—the Borscht Belt. Archaeology in the Borscht Belt places
tourism within larger capitalist relations in America and complicates concepts of tourism as consumption and leisure. 相似文献
9.
Anna S. Agbe-Davies 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2009,13(1):112-126
The excavations at Bush Hill House were sponsored because of its association with a notable historical figure, yet the archaeologists
were more interested in what we saw as the “bigger” picture: colonialism; slavery; the Atlantic World. This paper addresses
both the micro scale—individual deposits and individual people—and the macro scale—placing this site within the larger world of the British Atlantic of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth
centuries. Not surprisingly, both scales, when considered explicitly, offer insights into past social worlds and archaeologists’
means of discovering them. 相似文献
10.
This article examines the part played by the Social Democraticand Labour Party (SDLP) in both the making and the breakdownof the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement. In particular, the articlelooks at the party's relations with the Irish government inthis period. Specifically, it considers the charge that theSDLP—by obliging the Irish government to support its approach—pushedunionist negotiators too far at Sunningdale, producing a settlementwhich was predetermined towards Irish reunification, and sowhich justified loyalist claims that Dublin is just aSunningdale away. The article draws on recently releasedarchival material to show how the SDLP was, to a significantdegree, able to dictate Dublin's policy on Northern Irelandin the early 1970s, suggesting that this led to a uniform andhighly ambitious agenda on the part of nationalist participantsat the Sunningdale conference. However, it also argues thatthis agenda was not realized, and that the deal made at Sunningdalewas not as favourable towards the SDLP as has sometimes beensuggested. Nonetheless, the article maintains that the dynamicrhetoric and perceived momentum of Irish nationalism—orchestratedlargely by the SDLP—served to distort that which was actuallyagreed, and in this helped to undermine unionist support forSunningdale. 相似文献
11.
This article compares and contrasts the approaches of the NewDeal Federal Writers' Project and the Columbia Oral HistoryProgram in an effort to reconsider the paradoxical history oforal history research in the United States and its relationshipto how many oral historians today look at their work and thehistory of their field. As it turns out, the theoretical andsocial concerns of the FWP projects are closer to current theoreticalconcerns of oral historians than the work Allan Nevins conductedin the early years of the Columbia project. The article alsoshows how awareness of the history of the intellectual and culturalcurrents that affect oral history projects in general, and theFWP's work in particular—interviews with former slaves,tenant farmers, industrial workers, and members of ethnic minorities—canhelp us analyze and use those materials. It argues that an awarenessof continuity and discontinuity in the history of oral historymakes it possible for today's oral historians to have a productivedialogue with their predecessors in the field. 相似文献
12.
Valentine Roux 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(2):153-178
Ethnoarchaeology appears nowadays as a poorly formulated field. However, it could become a real science of reference for interpreting
the past if it was focused upon well-founded cross-cultural correlates, linking material culture with static and dynamic phenomena.
For this purpose, such correlates have to be studied in terms of explanatory mechanisms. Cross-cultural correlates correspond
to those regularities where explanatory mechanisms invoke universals. These universals can be studied by reference to the
theories found in the different disciplines they relate to and which are situated outside of the domain of archaeology. In
the domain of technology, cross-cultural correlates cover a wide range of static and dynamic phenomena. They allow the archaeologist
to interpret archaeological facts—for which there is not necessarily analogue—in terms of local historical scenario as well
as cultural evolution. In this respect, it is shown that ethnoarchaeology, when following appropriate methodologies and focussing
on the universals that underlie the diversity of archaeological facts, does provide the reference data needed to climb up
in the pyramid of inferences that make up our interpretative constructs. 相似文献
13.
14.
Postcolonial archaeologies in Africa are engaged in a variety of agendas including the decolonization of everyday practices
in the field and in the classroom. Postcolonial theory, concerned with issues of power and the Other, is increasingly being
invoked to examine how archaeologists conduct their field research and how archaeology is used to dismantle essentialized
histories—the metanarratives that arose in the colonial as well as the postcolonial era. Easily misunderstood, however, is
the passion expressed by some African archaeologists who are voicing their own views while simultaneously trying to free themselves
from dominating “expert” voices. These occurrences create tensions in archaeological discourse that are a natural part of
decolonizing archaeology, joining other forms of disenchantment, particularly the disenchantments arising in contemporary
African communities about social services, civil society, and human rights. Archaeologists are also implicated in disenchantments
as they conduct investigations in the midst of people who may be without water or are suffering from HIV/AIDS—conditions that
starkly contrast with their own comfortable lives. We may also need to reconsider how to deal with states that see archaeological
research as contrary to nation building. This essay responds to some current misunderstandings that have arisen over these
and related issues. 相似文献
15.
This essay analyses a fiercely contested transnational lieude mémoire in twentieth-century Polish—German history:the Annaberg. Historiography has thus far largely neglectedthe role played by this holy mountain of UpperSilesia, a symbol that has stood at the heart of a number ofcompeting identity-forging narratives. The competition overthe Annaberg as a site for multiple collective memories occurredon three distinct but often overlapping levels: first betweennation-states, secondly between ideological camps, and thirdlybetween national- and local-level actors. Drawing on a substantialbody of primary sources, this article contributes both to thescholarly investigation of a political myth that cast a longshadow over German—Polish relations and to the growingacademic interest in transnational realms of memory. 相似文献
16.
Crescenzi Riccardo; Rodriguez-Pose Andres; Storper Michael 《Journal of Economic Geography》2007,7(6):673-709
The United States and European Union differ significantly interms of their innovative capacity: the former have been ableto gain and maintain world leadership in innovation and technologywhile the latter continues to lag. Notwithstanding the magnitudeof this innovation gap and the political emphasis placed uponit on both sides of the Atlantic, very little systematic comparativeanalysis has been carried out on its causes. The empirical literaturehas emphasized the structural differences between the two continentsin the quantity and quality of the major inputsto innovation: R&D investments and human capital. The verydifferent spatial organization of innovative activities in theEU and the US—as suggested by a variety of contributionsin the field of economic geography—could also influenceinnovative output. This article analyses and compares a wideset of territorial processes that influence innovation in Europeand the United States. The higher mobility of capital, populationand knowledge in the US not only promotes the agglomerationof research activity in specific areas of the country but alsoenables a variety of territorial mechanisms to fully exploitlocal innovative activities and (informational) synergies. Inthe European Union, in contrast, imperfect market integrationand institutional and cultural barriers across the continentprevent innovative agents from maximizing the benefits fromexternal economies and localized interactions, but compensatoryforms of geographical process may be emerging in concert withfurther European integration. 相似文献
17.
The purpose of this article is to explain and discuss the essential operational characteristics of the technology of power
(sensu Foucault) perpetrated on the internal frontiers with the Indians in nineteenth-century Argentina. The conquest and
colonization of the Pampas took shape in the establishment of military camp structures placed to create a defensive cordon,
known as “the Indian frontier line.” These constructions were fortlets defended by gaucho cavalry squadrons (know as Blandengues
during the Spanish period, and then Guardias Nacionales after Argentinean Independence). This process is known in Argentinean
historiography as “the conquest of the desert.” This particular technology of power existed in this historical context and
operated at every social level, impacting strongly on the lower classes that inhabited the incorrectly named “desert.” Its
implementation in the military field enabled the existence of an array of micro-powers that surrounded the gaucho, called
vago y malentretenido—“a vagrant and lingerer”—and their women's lives. The army as institution was the locus of various forms
of coercion and old forms of punishment (such as the stakes, whipping, and public executions) most of which affected peasants,
nonresidents, itinerant workers, and the rural youth. This schema was adopted in different areas: in the enrolment and discipline
of the gaucho soldiers, in life in the fortlet-prisons, and in the ritualism of power. The alternative chosen by soldiers
to evade this technology of power and the fortlet-panopticons was escape through desertion. The utility of those observations
is demonstrated, because an important part of the area of research of historical archaeology that has developed with the greatest
impetus in Argentina has taken fortlets as its subject of study. 相似文献
18.
The domesticated species Oryza sativa or Asian rice evolved starting approximately 9,000 years ago and from its centers of origin in China and India has subsequently
spread throughout the Old World (and in historical times in the New World as well). This species is one of the key domesticated
crop plants in the world and has emerged as a model for studying the origins and spread of domesticated taxa as well as in
investigating the genetic basis for plant variation under domestication. Archaeological data has been critical in dissecting
the origins and spread of rice throughout Asia, but molecular information has also provided a complementary approach to examining
the evolutionary dynamics of this species. The evolutionary history of a species can leave its footprints within its genome.
Moreover, genetic studies allow us to study the history of traits that do not leave an archaeological record—for example,
grain stickiness or flowering time—which can provide insights into how crop species are adopted by different cultures. In
this review, several molecular studies into the origin and spread of Asian rice are discussed and we explore the advances
these genetic studies offer in our understanding of the evolution of domesticated species. We also explore how archaeological
data can provide critical insights that can help refine genetic models of the origin and spread of domesticated species. 相似文献
19.
Eileen M. Murphy 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):409-428
Cilliní—or children’s burial grounds—were the designated resting places for unbaptized infants and other members of Irish society
who were considered unsuitable by the Roman Catholic Church for burial in consecrated ground. The sites appear to have proliferated
from the seventeenth century onwards in the wake of the Counter-Reformation. While a number of previous studies have attempted
to relate their apparently marginal characteristics to the liminality of Limbo, evidence drawn from the archaeological record
and oral history accounts suggests that it was only the Roman Catholic Church that considered cilliní, and those interred within, to be marginal. In contrast, the evidence suggests that the families of the dead regarded the
cemeteries as important places of burial and treated them in a similar manner to consecrated burial grounds. 相似文献
20.
Behavioral ecology is the study of adaptive behavior in relation to social and environmental circumstances. Analysts working from this perspective hold that the reproductive strategies and decision-making capacities of all living organisms—including humans—are shaped by natural selection. Archaeologists have been using this proposition in the study of past human behavior for more than 30 years. Significant insights on variation in prehistoric human subsistence, life history, social organization, and their respective fossil and archaeological consequences have been among the more important results. 相似文献