The late prehistory of xinjiang in relation to its neighbors

Recent research by Chinese archaeologists has identified many late prehistoric (2000-400 B.C.) oases, pastoral settlements, and cemeteries in eastern Central Asia (Xinjiang province of China). The synthesis presented here organizes the data into 10 archaeological cultures, defined on the basis of ceramics, burials, small finds, and architecture. The archaeological cultures reveal two periods, corresponding to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The oases cultures formed a core area before the Chinese Han period and maintained close contacts with nearby highland pastoralists in Siberia and western Central Asia. The evidence for interaction between Xinjiang and the complex cultures in China and western Central Asia is evaluated with regard to the origins of the early Xinjiang cultures.     

Diffused light and sunlight in relation to relief and settlement in high latitudes

The Mameluke or Slave Dynasty of Egypt. By Sir William Muir, K.C.S.I., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D. (Bologna). London : Smith, Elder, and Co., 1896.

Hausaland; or, Fifteen Hundred Miles through the Central Soudan. By Chas. Henry Robinson, M.A. London : Sampson Low and Co., 1896. Pp. 304.

Terre d'Espagne. Par René Bazin. Paris : Calmann Lévy, 1896. Pp. 336. Price 3 fr. 50 c.

The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn: A Study of Life in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. By John R. Spears. New York and London : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1895. Pp. x + 319.

Parts of the Pacific. By A Peripatetic Parson. London : Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1896. Pp. 388. Price 10s. 6d.

Folk og Natur i Finmarken. Af Hans Reusch. Kristiania : i Kommission hos T. O. Brögger, 1895. Pp. 176. Price 3 Kr.

National Geographic Monographs, prepared under the auspices of the National Geographic Society. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago : American Book Company, 1895. Vol. i., large 8vo, pp. 336. Price $1.50.

Elementary Physical Geography. By Ralph S. Tare, B.Sc., F.G.S.A. New York : Macmillan and Co., 1895. Pp. xxxii + 488; illus. 267 + plates 29. Price 7s. 6d. net.

Ice‐work, Present and Past. By T. G. Bonney, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., etc., Professor of Geology, University College, London. London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Limited, 1896. 8vo, pp. 295. Price 5s.

Ethnology. In Two Parts. I.—Fundamental Ethnical Problems; II.—The Primary Ethnical Groups. By A. H. Keane, F.R.G.S. Cambridge : At the University Press, 1896. Pp. xxx + 442. Price 10s. 6d.

Bibliographie du Congo, 1880–1895. Catalogue méthodique de 3,800 Ouvrages, Brochures, Notices, et Cartes. Par A. J. Wauters. Bruxelles : Administration du Mouvement Géographique, 1895. Pp. 356.

Postal Directory of the Madras Circle, showing the Name of each Village in the, Madras Presidency and of the Post Town through which it is served. First edition. 3 vols. folio, pp. 1506. Madras, 1893 [not for sale].

Pacific Line Guide to South America, containing information for Travellers and Shippers to Ports on the East and West Coasts of South America. London : Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. ; Liverpool: Rockliff Brothers, 1895. Pp. 157. Price 2s. 6d. net.

Cocoa : All about it. By Historicus. London : Sampson Low, Marston, and Co., 1896. Pp. 99.     

Defining competences for future geography students in relation to low carbon societies

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the most important skills and competences that will be important in the coming years for future geographers involved in assessing and managing low-carbon societies. The analysed information was extracted from a questionnaire answered by professionals working in low-carbon management in three European countries (Finland, Poland and Catalonia, Spain). From the results, we have identified not only the most requisite abilities and skills, but also differences between countries on a European scale. Among the findings, we would highlight the general agreement that “soft skills”, as opposed to “hard skills”, are critical for future professionals addressing policies in relation to low carbon societies.     

Tourist motivations in relation to a battlefield: a case study of Kinmen

ABSTRACT

To assess tourist motivations at the battlefield site on Kinmen Island of Taiwan, an empirical investigation was conducted. From a convenience sample, we collected 437 effective responses of respondents including domestic and international tourists with different cultural background in Kinmen. The structure of motivation was first examined via factor analysis. Then ANOVA analysis was applied to address the influence from demographic aspects such as gender, age, and nationality. Our results show that personal, spiritual, experience, physical, and emotional perspectives are five major sources of motivations. More importantly, age and nationality are confirmed to be two major dimensions to segment tourists in the context of battlefield tourism. Tourists with older age have higher motivations toward the battlefield site in comparison with young tourists. In addition, tourists with different cultural background based on different nationalities are significantly motivated by various motivational factors. The example of Kinmen contributes theoretically to a better understanding of the motivational attributes in a battlefield site, and how they represent a basis for increasing tourist perceptions. The motivational mechanisms and factors explored in this case can be incorporated into marketing strategies. Additionally, our results also provide a viable basis for the tourism authorities concerned to reevaluate the essence of its tourism industry in the context of battlefield resources and attractions.     

试析中苏关系破裂的原因

中苏关系破裂的原因是多方面的,主要有:中苏在意识形态领域发生分歧;以赫鲁晓夫为首的苏联大力推行大国沙文主义损害了中国的国家利益;以毛泽东为首的中共中央对马克思主义理解出现偏差并日趋"左"倾.中苏关系的这一段曲折历史为世界各国正确处理国际事务提供了前车之鉴,国际关系只有建立在和平共处五项原则的基础上,我们才能拥有和平有序的世界.     

Making distinctions: the contribution of Hector Landouzy to differential diagnosis in relation to hysteria and epilepsy

Hector Landouzy (1818-1864) is known for his Traité Complet de l'Hystérie (1846), which was crowned by the Académie de Médecine, but this work is not given much importance in historical accounts. It deserves more attention because it was more than an orthodox statement about the nature of hysteria. In the context of the diagnostic confusion between epilepsy and hysteria, it introduced a method of presenting criteria to facilitate diagnosis. An examination of French authors on epilepsy and hysteria in the second half of the nineteenth century suggests that this method probably set the example which was to be followed by later clinicians, including Charcot at the Salpêtrière.     

Variety in cereal cultivation in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in relation to environmental conditions

The objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between the cereals cultivated in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (ca. 1250–400 BC) within the area of the present-day Czech Republic, and their environmental settings. The various charred caryopses of cereal species represented in the archaeobotanical assemblages from 35 archaeological sites differ, especially in the proportion of wheat and barley. The cereal assemblages were compared regarding site altitude, weather conditions, soils and soil productivity. The most important environmental variable influencing the choice of a particular crop seemed to be altitude which is correlated with other variables such as the length of growing season, mean annual temperature, soil quality etc. Although the ecological requirements of cereals cultivated in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages are not known, they presumably thrived under similar conditions to present-day species/varieties, and the strategy of past crop husbandry was based on similar principles as today, e.g. flexible adaptation to local environmental conditions, in an effort to achieve optimal yields and reduce the danger of crop failure.