傅斯年与“科学史学”派

科学史学派是中国现代史学史上的一个重要学术派别。本文认为它的崛起与20世纪二、三十年代科学知识和科学方法的大规模引进有关。体现着历史学由作为启蒙思想载体的进化论史学向作为特殊的认识工具的科学史学的转变。傅斯年在科学史学派的形成过程中起到了不可替代的理论指导和组织作用。     

Quantification and the Scientific Study of History

Abstract

A survey of the illustrations in art history textbooks reveals that the most important Modern American painters, including Pollock, Johns, and Warhol, failed to produce individual paintings as famous as the masterpieces of a number of major French artists, such as Picasso, Manet, and Seurat. Analysis of the textbooks reveals that art historians do not consider the American artists to be less important than their French predecessors or judge the Americans' innovations to be less important. The absence of American masterpieces instead appears to be a consequence of market conditions. as changes over time in the primary methods of showing and selling fine art reduced the incentive for artists to produce important individual works. This study demonstrates that the study of markets is essential to a full understanding of the development of Modern art.     

Cultural Worldview and Preference for Childhood Vaccination Policy

In the face of the reemerging threat of preventable diseases and the simultaneous vaccine risk controversy, what explains variations in Americans’ policy preferences regarding childhood vaccinations? Using original data from a recent nationwide Internet survey of 1,213 American adults, this research seeks to explain differing public opinions on childhood vaccination policies and related issues of governance. As Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky's grid‐group cultural theory of policy preference formation suggests, cultural biases have a significant impact on the formation of preferences toward various vaccination policies. Hierarchs are in support of mandatory vaccination, oppose religious and philosophical exemption, and believe the government should preside over vaccination‐related decisions. Fatalists strike a bold contrast in their opposition to mandatory vaccination policy and support for religious and philosophical exemptions and the role of parents in deciding on vaccinations. Falling between hierarchs and fatalists, egalitarian support for vaccinations is stronger than individualists‘.     

世界史的学科定位与发展方向-在“新世纪世界史学科建设”学术研讨会上的讲话

在新世纪的第一个十年里 ,几乎所有的行业都在以一种紧迫感梳理着自己的工作 ,思考着自己的未来 ;而我们这些以探索时间的轨迹为本行的史学工作者 ,就更是深深地感到人类社会前进的脚步正在由远而近 ,逐渐加速 ,从以千年计 ,到以百年计 ,以十年计 ,直到今天 ,已是名副其实的日新月异了。在这种形势下 ,我们来探讨世界史学科的自身建设和发展问题 ,不但是十分必要的 ,而且是很有意义的 ,对于这个问题 ,我想讲两点看法。一、关于世界史的学科定位定位 ,就是要找准学科的位置。而要找准位置 ,就必须处理好各种各样的关系 ,在目前的形势下 ,特别…     

Sacred Space in the Worldview and Art of the Tungus-manchu Ethnic Minority Sakhalin Island

The article contributes to research into concepts of sacredness held by the Tungus-Manchu ethnic minority living on Sakhalin Island. The study focuses on the Rukutama staff found by a hunter in 1972 on the Angurovka River, an old arm of the Rukutama River. The staff displays the spatial features of Sakhalin Island in great detail, all of which were included into the life cycle of the island's inhabitants. Sacred knowledge was transmitted over centuries via generations of shamans using the language of sacred compositions, “visual folklore.” Visual art is central to the study of the ethnic history and culture of the modern inhabitants of Sakhalin Island.     

范文澜:倡导优良学风,捍卫历史学的科学性

建国后十七年,史学界实际存在着两种学风,一种是教条主义学风,在1958年以后一度盛行;另一种是倡导实事求是、独立思考、刻苦钻研的学风。范文澜恰恰是后者的代表人物,他作为正直的史学家,十几年如一日潜心治学,精心修订和重写《中国通史简编》这部巨著;作为近代史所的创建者,他卓有成效地提倡和培育了全所坚持不懈、勇于创新的优良学风,他在领导中国史学会的工作中,更是贯穿了高度重视扎实的史料基础和提倡严谨学风的指导思想,当教条化的错误潮流袭来时,他挺身而出进行抵制,表现出捍卫历史学的科学性和尊严的高风亮节。     

科学思维方式与历史研究的“假设”方法

“假设”是科学思维常用的手段之一,隶属科学范畴的“历史科学”自然可以使用之。每一历史事实作为过去的存在虽是唯一的客观的,但在其生成前并非仅有一种可能性。因此“假设”没有转化为事实的可能性不仅是合理的,而且也是必要的;历史研究中有条件的“假设”并不是虚构“历史”。历史学除了求真功能之外,还有借鉴作用,从这个角度进行“假设”也有其意义。     

大历史与历史研究

大历史是历史研究与教学的新领域,它是指从各种可能的规模甚至宇宙的规模来探究一切事物的历史。大历史也是一种跨学科研究。它与世界史存在关联,也是对传统史学的一种补充。大历史探究也满足了人们的精神、心灵和社会需求,有利于人们更好地认识自我。     

科学发展观与科学改革观

从逻辑延伸、决策意图、落实机制以及社会反应等方面可以看出,科学发展观呼唤科学改革观;科学发展观从历史观、价值观以及方法论等方面规范着科学改革观;以科学发展观为依据,科学改革观要经得住历史与现实、公平与效率、国计与民生以及“普适”与“特色”几个维度的检验。     

尊君、改制与"实理公法"的初创——以戊戌变法前康有为的世界观形塑为中心

随着19世纪末期思想与时势的密切互动,康有为在《教学通义》《康子内外篇》《实理公法全书》《新学伪经考》《孔子改制考》等著述当中,通过对传统经学与西方学说的"创造性诠释",初步实现了他对于心目中新世界观的形塑.这一新世界观的核心内容有三:第一,在新的政治制度设计当中,凸显对于君权与大一统的尊崇;第二,在新的知识谱系与道德关系当中,以平等与人道的原则,建构以几何知识为框架的"实理公法";第三,在文化认同的基础之上,重塑孔子"托古改制"的"素王"形象,进而推动儒学在殖民时代的自我转化与全球扩张.这一奠基于"实理公法"之上的新世界观形塑,意味着康有为开始尝试以一种倾向于客观知识与外部制度的"普遍性",取代传统儒家世界观重视内在德性的"普遍性".