鸿门遐思

鸿门宴,是中国人家喻户晓的一个典故,意为充满阴谋、危险和杀机的宴会。这个典故来自2200多年前所发生的一次著名的历史事件,见自司马迁的《史记·项羽本纪》。而这个典故的发生地,就在陕西省临潼县新丰镇鸿门堡村。公元前210年,秦始皇南巡,死于沙丘(河北广宗)。次年陈胜、吴广起义,天下响应,沛县刘邦及楚国贵族项羽等也起兵反秦。前208年,刘邦、项羽等共拥楚怀王,相约伐秦“:先入定关中者王之。”刘邦以此为目标,避实就虚,没费什么周折,绕道南阳,于前206年进入关中,并接受了秦王子婴的投降,封秦国库财物,与关中父老约法三章,驻军霸上,派军…     

勿以成败论英雄——项羽永垂史册原因探讨

在秦末农民战争中,继陈胜,吴广之后,继续领导农民战争的两个人物是项羽和刘邦。刘邦虽然作了汉朝开国皇帝,但在反秦斗争中他的功劳却不及项羽。刘邦是靠谋略夺得了天下,项羽才是真正打天下的英雄。在许多关键性的战役中,项羽凭借自己的英勇和智谋扭转了战争局势,化不利为有利,在反秦斗争中立下了赫赫功劳。即便是在垓下被围,项羽乌江自刎时,也给人留下了一个光明磊落的英雄形象,他的英雄形象是不能用成败来衡量的。     

试谈“楚汉战争”

公元前206年至公元前202年,爆发了历史上著名的项羽同刘邦争夺帝位的“楚汉战争”。项羽和刘邦是陈胜、吴广起义失败之后,继续领导农民起义对秦王朝进行争斗的两支农民起义军的领袖。项羽是旧楚国大将项燕的子孙,虽然出身于旧贵族,但自杀掉会糟郡守殷通,响应陈胜、吴广起义,便积极参加反秦斗争。去河北救赵解巨鹿(河北省平     

建国以来反秦王朝斗争研究综述

建国以来反秦王朝斗争研究综述吴仰湘秦汉之间的动荡历史,实际包括反秦斗争和楚汉战争两阶段。陈胜领导的农民起义和继之而起的六国亡秦活动,可以合称为“反秦斗争”。由于这场斗争的独特性与复杂性,史学界对它进行了充分研究,成果很多,但近来对此未作专题介绍。鉴此...     

亦论刘邦与项羽

最近,卞直甫,宋一夫同志在《项羽和刘邦》一文中,有申项屈刘新见,笔者读后,不敢苟同,谨陈管见以就教。覆秦过程中刘、项的不同作用秦二世元年十二月,陈胜在城父死于御者庄贾手中。次年六月,起事于旧楚之地的项梁“召诸别将会薛计事”,主要目的是重新确立政治首领。会间,居巢人范增讽劝     

陈胜，第一个说“不”的人

在河南永城市的芒砀山里,有一座云雾缭绕中的墓地,墓碑上刻着郭沫若手书的"秦末农民起义领袖陈胜之墓"。墓园外,有一个叫丁家窑的村子,村里的人们至今依然认为自己是陈胜的守墓人——2000多年前,汉高祖刘邦派出30户丁役为陈胜守墓,从那以后,他们世世代代没有离开过芒砀山。     

建设力——重寻现代中国背后的线索

中国有文字记载的历史不足4000年,我们最发达的是史官文化．到清史就有二十五史。从春秋到清末,我们可以看到,几千年来整个历史进程充满着破坏力,中国历史上被人记住的往往是破坏性的人物．陈胜、吴广、项羽、刘邦、     

怀王之约与汉承秦制

怀王之约是在六国宗室的王位继承权获得普遍承认的背景下,以楚为盟主的反秦军约定的对战后秦国的处置方案。按照怀王之约,率先入关的刘邦本应以秦王的身份统治整个故秦之地,恢复秦统一前七国并立的局面。虽然由于项羽对怀王之约的曲解,刘邦只成为了汉王。但在项羽的分封体系中,汉政权建立的法理依据仍然是怀王之约,它同样是关中秦地政权的延续。所以刘邦在进入汉中后即开始逐步废除楚制, 转而行秦制。     

论中国历史上的农民革命领袖——项羽、刘邦、李密、窦建德等算不算农民运动的领导者?

毛主席在他的巨著「中国革命与中国共产党」中明白指出:「地主阶级对于农民的残酷的经济剥削与政治压迫,迫使农民多次地举行起义,以反抗地主阶级的统治。从秦朝的陈胜、吴广、项羽、刘邦起,中经汉朝的新市,平林,赤眉、铜马和黄巾,隋朝的李密、窦建德,唐朝的王仙芝、黄巢,宋朝的宋江、方腊,元朝的米元璋,明朝的李自成,直至清朝的太平天国,总计大小数百次的起义,都是农民的反抗运动,都是农民的革命战争。「显然,在这里毛主席是把陈胜、吴广、项羽、刘邦、李密、窦建德、王仙芝、黄巢、宋江、方腊、朱元璋、李自成等看作农民革命领导者     

格局·布局·结局

正古往今来,凡成大事者,必有大格局。史载,目睹秦始皇出巡的大阵仗,楚名将之后项羽豪言:"彼可取而代也。"草莽刘邦放话:"大丈夫当如是也。"后来项刘先后起事反秦,秦亡后爆发楚汉战争。项羽图诸侯霸主,唯我独尊、刚愎自用,虽勇冠三军却兵败垓下;刘邦欲一统天下,兼收并蓄、知人善用,最终以弱胜强统一中华。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.