西藏茶事

The first rays of a new dawn have been cast upon the earth.Tibetan families all across the"roof of the world"are now beginning their normal routines.The first step is to brew a fresh batch of buttered tea,a warm welcome to the day ahead.Tea houses are ubiquitous throughout all of Tibet’s avenues,streets,and lanes.These only serve to solidify the popular proverb,"Three days without food is one thing,but life cannot go on without a single bowl of tea."Buttered tea,of course,is an impeccable necessity for Tibetans.Indeed,tea absolutely enjoys unrivalled status in the daily lives of the people inhabiting the plateau.     

西藏茶事

The first rays of a new dawn have been cast upon the earth.Tibetan families all across the"roof of the world"are now beginning their normal routines.The first step is to brew a fresh batch of buttered tea,a warm welcome to the day ahead.Tea houses are ubiquitous throughout all of Tibet’s avenues,streets,and lanes.These only serve to solidify the popular proverb,"Three days without food is one thing,but life cannot go on without a single bowl of tea."Buttered tea,of course,is an impeccable necessity for Tibetans.Indeed,tea absolutely enjoys unrivalled status in the daily lives of the people inhabiting the plateau.     

THE HOMERIC TOPOGRAPHY OF THE TROJAN PLAIN RECONSIDERED

Summary. Homeric passages bearing on the location of the Achaean camp at Troy are re-examined in the light of new scientific data on the time-scale for the alluviation of the Trojan plain. The new data confirm the accuracy of Strabo's account of the plain, and in particular of the shore-line having come close to the Hisarlik site ( Novum Ilium ) in Hellenistic times. In the era of Troy VI/VII, c. 3,250 years BP, the shore-line appears to have run west by south of the site, and a broad marine embayment lay between the city and the Sigeum ridge. It is therefore no longer possible to accept the received view (deriving from Schliemann and Leaf) that the Achaean camp was sited on the present shore-line by the Hellespont. A new site is proposed for the camp on the lower slopes of the Sigeum ridge about four miles west of Hisarlik. It is argued that the indications in the Iliad are not inconsistent with such a siting, and in fact suit it better than the received view. This is shown with regard to the course of the Scamander, evidently pictured by Homer as running between camp and city, and also with respect to the general axis of the fighting on the plain, which is indicated to lie in an east-west rather than a north-south direction. The Besika Bay site, first proposed in 1912, is rejected as inconsistent with the Homeric data and unsatisfactory in itself.     

东部企业投资、兼并与东西部地区协调发展

东部企业进入西部地区投资、兼并,是实现东西部地区协调发展的主要方式。对于东部地区来讲,企业的对外投资和兼并可以加快丧失优势产业的退出、产业结构升级,以及进一步增强企业的竞争能力。对于西部来讲,则有助于使潜在的优势转化为产业优势和经济优势,并使现有资产得到充分有效利用。同时东部企业这种跨地区投资、兼并行为,能够使东西部地区的优势都能得到发挥,并有利于我国地区结构的调整和优化。     

UNIQUE ISOLATION VERSUS NETWORKS OF OPPORTUNITY: THE COMPETING DISCOURSES OF TASMANIA

In order to understand why people move, we must first try to comprehend how they understand their migration decisions and recognize that such understandings are intricately tied to their understandings of places. Place construction – the way people understand and discuss the nature and meaning of places – occurs at all levels from individual constructions to constructions by economic and political interest groups. These place constructions necessarily influence each other, and hence they are in constant flux and reflect power relations evident in society. This article examines these issues in the context of the negative net migration of young adults in the Australian state of Tasmania through an examination of the experiences of thirty young return migrants who participated in in‐depth interviews and group discussions about their experiences of migration. It finds that bounded constructions of Tasmania – which stress the physical isolation and social and political insularity of the state as well as the uniqueness of the state's environment and society – appear to be dominant for these young returned migrants. However, the article argues that these bounded constructions necessarily exist in relation to networked constructions, which focus on the opportunities for people, ideas, goods and money to benefit through connections with other places as well as the loss of the uniqueness of the Tasmanian environment and society. This article concludes with a discussion of the political, economic and social consequences of these different forms of place construction.     

背起相机,用7天的时间拍冀东的人文景观

《旅行的艺术》这部电影,一直存在我的手机里,是我的保留剧目,无论到哪儿我都带着它。片中引用了美国思想家爱默生说过的一句话:不要走已知的路,踏上未知的路,然后留下足迹。我想这就是对旅行最好的诠释。别担心你的准备不足,不要怕前方充满未知,只要你有一颗热爱生活的心,就背起背包出发,去体验充满激情的征程吧。     

甘肃宁县石家东周墓地2016年的发掘

石家墓地位于甘肃庆阳宁县早胜镇西头村,在马莲河以东、九龙河以南、无日天沟河以北的早胜原上.墓地东为遇村南沟,与国家级文物保护单位遇村遗址隔沟相望.沟内常年有泉水流淌,经古峪沟,汇入泾河支流马莲河(图一).     

GLOBAL WARMING AND THE AGROCLIMATIC RESOURCES OF THE RUSSIAN PLAIN

Possible future USSR agricultural productivity, given a global warming scenario, is assessed on the basis of paleoclimatic reconstructions for optima of the Holocene and Mikulino interglacial, which may be analogs of the man-modified warm climate of the future. The calculations were made using a dynamic model of grain yields for 94 territorial units, for the most part coincident with the boundaries of oblasts. Three different indicators, which suggest that the warming trend of climate will be generally favorable for agriculture in the European USSR, are analyzed. The paper also provides insights into current spatial patterns of agricultural productivity. Translated by Larry Richardson, Glendale, CA 91202 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1990, No. 6, pp. 29-38.     

晋中平原地区农村聚落扩展分析

在实地考察的基础上，章从规模、速度、形态和类型等方面分析了晋中平原地区农村聚落扩展的特点，并深入探讨了影响农村聚落扩展的因素，认为聚落扩展主要是人口增长和家庭规模变化、社会经济发展与收入增加、交通条件改善、农村地区工业化及其他因素共同作用的结果。最后指出了由于聚落扩展而带来的许多难以解决的问题。     

东北平原农田防护林网景观的行为地理效应

东北平原农田防护林网是本区广大人民经过十余年的努力共同创造的宏伟景观,对改造自然、保护农业生产起到重要作用,这一独特景观的形成是人类作用于环境的一次积极尝试、并被事实验证是成功的,这一景观形成后在改造自然环境的同时也影响了人们的生产和生活行为,本文旨在根据行为地理学的基本理论初步分析该景观的行为地理效应。     

UTILIZING THE SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCES OF THE EASTERN AND HIGH-LATITUDE REGIONS OF THE USSR

A general exploratory article surveys the solar energy potential of the eastern and northern USSR, an area which the author contends is largely ignored in current Soviet solar energy research. He argues that solar power is a reliable substitute for conventional energy generation in locations remote from major energy grids and where demand is too small to warrant large-capacity conventional units. This argument is based largely upon comparison of insolation characteristics between (a) eastern and high-latitude sites in the USSR with (b) a middle-latitude site (presumably Alushta in the Crimea), and upon examination of the experience in other high-latitude areas (translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005).     

THE BAYKAL-AMUR MAINLINE AND THE INTEGRATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE EASTERN REGIONS OF THE USSR

The construction of the BAM is viewed as serving two purposes: one, the development of new resource sites for export through Soviet Pacific ports, particularly to Japan; second, the accelerated development of new parts of East Siberia and the Far East, serving ultimately as a bridgehead for further advance toward the Northeast. Key resource areas to be given priority in development are the Neryungri coking-coal basin of South Yakutia, for export to Japan; the Udokan copper deposit, and the Molodezhnoye asbestos deposit. Because of the harsh environment, it is unlikely that any processing activities beyond mineral concentration and forest products industries will be located in the BAM zone, at least in the early stages of development. Food supply for the growing population will be largely dependent on hauls of bread and feed grains from southern portions of West Siberia and vegetables from as far away as Central Asia. Future territorial production complexes along the BAM are tentatively outlined.     

METALLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF IRON ARTEFACTS FROM THE EASTERN TRANSVAAL,SOUTH AFRICA

The microstructures of two adzes, two hoes and a spear point from Iron Age settlement sites in the Kruger National Park have been examined. Electron microprobe analyses of the slag inclusions were also made. Some of the objects are made of high carbon steel while others have a highly variable carbon content. All appear to have been forged at relatively low temperature and then annealed at a low temperature near 700°C. None have been hardened by quenching and tempering. Some of the objects contain only traces of included slag while others have large slag inclusions. The slag compositions are quite different from those of medieval bloomery slags and are representative of African iron smelting practice in their high content of CaO, K₂ O and Na₂O. On the basis of the titanium content of the included slag, two of the objects are identified as made of the ore from Rooiwater and one from Phalaborwa ore.     

FISHERS OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE IN THE EASTERN BALTIC

Between 2800 and 2400 cal BC pastoralists from Central Europe migrated into the eastern Baltic paving the way for the Corded Ware Culture (CWC), and a new type of economy, animal husbandry. Traditionally the CWC people were viewed as highly mobile due to the lack of substantial traces of dwellings and material culture at settlement sites; they were reliant on an economy based on animal husbandry as demonstrated by zooarchaeological and stable isotopic evidence. However, this paradigm is beginning to shift. Here, we present new AMS radiocarbon (¹⁴C) measurements, pollen and macrobotanical data from sediment samples and a portable fish screen, as well as technological, molecular and isotopic data obtained from ceramic vessels from three CWC sites in the eastern Baltic. Overall, our results indicate a de-Neolithisation process undergone by some CWC groups, particularly in lacustrine and coastal ecotones, and a shift to hunting, gathering and fishing.     

ISSUES IN THE REGIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRY IN THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE

A hierarchy of industrial areas in Eastern Europe is described, consisting of 40 industrial regions, about 200 industrial nodes, and numerous industrial centers and ordinary industrial places. Evidence of the formation of a higher-ranking industrial macroregion covering the border area of East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia is adduced. Six other entities of industrial macroregion rank are identified in the rest of Europe (including the European USSR east to the Urals).     

徐州两汉诸侯王墓研究

目次一徐州两汉封国概况二徐州西汉诸侯王(后)墓葬分析三徐州西汉楚王(后)墓墓主推测四徐州西汉诸侯王墓与西汉帝陵及其他地区诸侯王墓比较五徐州地区横穴崖洞墓研究的几点推论六徐州东汉诸侯王墓情况在全国范围内分封诸侯王是汉代中央政府巩固统治的措施之一。两汉400余年,今徐州一带共属七个不同的诸侯国,前后有数十位诸侯王。目前徐州境内共发现两汉诸侯王墓十余处,墓葬近二十座。本文拟以考古资料为基础,结合历史文献及其他相关资料对这些诸侯王墓进行研究,并对与之相关的一些问题进行探讨。     

THE LOCATION OF METAL-INTENSIVE AND LABOR-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE EASTERN REGIONS

The author argues against the widespread view (stated in several articles in Soviet Geography) that labor-intensive industries should be kept out of Siberia because of the shortage of labor resources in that region. Taking the specific example of labor-intensive machinery industry such as instrument-making, as opposed to steel-intensive industry, he points out that labor-intensive plants, by virtue of their smaller size, usually have smaller labor requirements than large heavy-machinery manufacturing plants. Moreover, he argues, location must not be based on total population or total labor resources of a region, but on the availability of so-called free (nonemployed) labor resources, which consist largely of women and of young people just entering upon a career. This category of labor resources happens to be greater in the eastern regions than in the western regions of the Soviet Union. In fact, one reason for the net out-migration from Siberia, according to the author, is that second and third members of households find it difficult to obtain jobs in a regional economy that is largely oriented toward male employment (in extractive industry, timber felling, etc.). The introduction of labor-intensive industries into existing Siberian industrial complexes would thus help provide employment to other household members and eliminate one reason for out-migration.