Protagonists and politics in the Italian women's movement: a reflection on the work of Annarita Buttafuoco

This article retraces Annarita Buttafuoco's work as a historian of the women's political movement in Italy through a brief survey of her essays and books. These covered more than two centuries of history, ranging from the echoes of the French Revolution in Italy and the constitution of the Jacobin Republics to the struggles for female suffrage and emancipation in the liberal era down to the period after the Second World War and the founding of the Italian Republic. Emphasizing the originality of both the sources and the methodological approaches she used, the article offers a critical appreciation of Annarita Buttafuoco's research and her role in organizing and shaping collective research projects. It is focused on three specific issues: the history of women as conscious historical subjects, the history of women's political movements not only in their social and political contexts but also in relation to institutional networks and the practices of citizenship.     

20世纪60年代以来影响墨西哥裔美国人在美国参政的要素分析

自20世纪60年代以降,美国人口总数及其种族构成发生了巨大变化,其中西裔和亚裔群体数量急剧增长。作为西裔群体当中最大的一支族裔团体,墨西哥裔美国人开始积极参与美国政治,并逐渐对美国的社会、经济、政治和文化等领域产生重要影响。本文以墨西哥裔美国人在美国的政治参与为研究对象,综合运用历史学、社会学和政治学等研究方法,全面分析和理解该群体在美国政治参与的现状,认为政治文化、社会经济地位和政治动员等因素共同影响了墨西哥裔美国人自20世纪60年代以降在美国的政治参与。     

20世纪60年代美国“青年领袖项目”初探

20世纪60年代,随着冷战扩展到整个第三世界,美国更加关注亚非拉国家第二、三代青年领袖的重要作用。肯尼迪执政时期,美国政府着手整合各部门各自推行的争取第三世界青年领袖的项目,并最终完成了"青年领袖项目"的政策规划和机构建制。同美国心理战的总体战略目标一致,"青年领袖项目"亦致力于赢得目标群体,使其选择亲美反共的道路,并影响其所在国家的政治走向。尽管投入巨大的人力和物力,"青年领袖项目"在肯尼迪和约翰逊政府时期并未见明显成效,但美国对第三世界青年进行的意识形态输出和文化灌输活动,最终对第三世界国家的道路选择产生了深刻的影响。     

Polygamy and Legislation in Contemporary Iran: An Analysis of the Public Legal Discourse

The purpose of this article is to analyze the interaction between different interpretations of Islamic jurisprudence in Iran and state law. It focuses on the public legal discourse about the new Family Draft Law in 2007–08, especially Article 23 regulating polygamous marriages and removing necessity for the first wife's permission. The participants in this public legal debate, which took place on the internet and in the media, were civil society organizations, especially women's organizations, the Shiite clergy, and state representatives. The article argues that even in a non-democratic, theocratic state such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, public discourse promoted by the named actors can challenge and influence state legislation. The removal of Article 23 from the Draft confirms this argument, but in the law of 2013 the requirement for the first wife's permission is not found. By looking at the arguments brought forward in the public discourse, the article demonstrates that the arguments are mainly “Islamic,” and none refers to international human rights, as this seems to be a kind of taboo in the political discourse.     

论60年代美国政府在中国问题上的几个基本观念

研究60年代的美国对华政策,必须先考察决定这一时期美国对华政策的核心理念,即“观念”,学术界似乎没有涉及这方面的讨论。1961—1968年间,美国民主党政府形成了对中国的四个基本观念：确认中国的现实存在;中国共产党敌视美国,富有侵略性,威胁美国的利益;中国经济危机导致粮食紧缺,社会动荡;中共内部权力斗争激烈,当权派受到挑战,政局混乱。承认中国的“现实存在”,表明美国政府意识到,必须尝试新的对华政策出路。但美国对华政策的基本出发点是,期望中国的“混乱”局面能推翻现行“敌视”美国的领导层,催生新一代“务实派”领导。然而,整个60年代,一片骚乱过后,中国并没有出现美国想要的结局,最终美国排除了对中国改变政策的可能性。     

美国在亚洲的石油扩张（1860——1960）

美国利用石油工业创始国之优势,全方位地向亚洲推销石油产品、决定油价,于19世纪后期取得了在亚洲市场独占鳌头的地位。缺乏石油资源的英荷等国则乘机控制了亚洲的主要油源,竭力阻止美国染指。从20世纪20年代初始,美国利用“门户开放”政策,一一敲开了紧闭的亚洲油源之门,与英荷等共享之。美国在亚洲的石油扩张,大大提高了作为重要石油资源和市场的亚洲在美国经济和美国全球战略中的地位,使美英等国的石油利益达到一致,导致了伊斯兰世界与美英之间激烈的利益冲突,引起列强对世界油源的激烈争夺,也是20世纪60年代世界资本主义经济繁荣的一个原因。     

析20世纪60年代美国保守主义

"60年代"和"保守主义"是学术界关注的两个话题.按照学者们的传统看法,60年代是以激进为时代特征,与"保守主义"无涉.本文展示了保守主义在60年代美国社会运动中所扮演的重要角色.不过,本文更想强调的是,60年代的保守主义也带有鲜明的时代特征,具有与其自身逻辑明显不符的极端性和激进性.本文力图揭示这一悖论,并且认为,应将"60年代"和"保守主义"二者有机结合起来,进而得出有关这两个课题的较为全面和多维的认识.     

The Integration of Mental Health Care in Rural Iran

Iran’s rural mental health care system emerged in a context that included experiments in health care prior to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of a primary health care (PHC) system after the Revolution. Beginning in the 1980s, Iran integrated mental health care into the existing PHC system by treating mental illness much like a communicable disease. Iran advanced treatment options compatible with the existing system, added new training for existing care providers, and incorporated specialists. The integration of mental health care led to the rapid improvement of health outcomes. The integration also created the unintended consequence of privileging pharmaceutical treatments and overlooking mental illnesses affected by somatization.     

20世纪60年代以来美国女性单亲家庭变迁初探

20世纪60年代以来,美国女性单亲家庭数量骤增,引发大规模道德批判风潮,政治倾向日渐保守,政府福利政策随之紧缩。综观其发展历程可知,两性经济格局的变更,婚姻与性观念的嬗变,单身母亲自有的婚育价值观,政府公共政策的双重作用,合力推动了美国女性单亲家庭的群体扩张。就所占比重和贫困程度而言,黑人女性单亲家庭是尤其值得关注的群体。对以母子为基本关系单位的家庭模式的认可度,以及黑人社区中适婚男性数量上的匮乏,是美国黑人家庭中女性单亲家庭比重较大的特定因素。     

20世纪60年代西方学生运动的若干特点

20世纪60年代在西方爆发了大规模的学生运动,它有力地冲击着资本主义政治制度,批判了资本主义化和教育制度。这次新型的群众运动是在世界体系和全球化背景下展开的。它是第二次世界大战结束后发生在西方社会的重大事件,具有不同于以往革命群众的若干特点。     

Philip of Harvengt's Life of the Blessed Virgin Oda

For every famous author of the twelfth-century renaissance, there are numerous lesser-known writers. Despite being overshadowed by more brilliant scholars or those closer to the centre of important events, their voices add depth to the study of the intellectual and religious history of this period. A founding member of one of the earliest Premonstratensian houses, a highly-educated and prolific author, much in demand as a hagiographer, and a vigorous defender of the clerical order, Philip of Harvengt is one such writer, and a worthy subject for study. This article examines one of his hagiographical works, the Life of the Blessed Virgin Oda, a nun attached to his own house, whom he portrays as a martyr. It analyses the predominant and recurrent concerns and ideals expressed in the Life, particularly the claim to martyrdom, and the means by which this is expressed.     

Political Science and U.S. Health Policy in the Era of the Affordable Care Act

Few laws have a profound and lasting impact on an entire political system. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), despite its incremental nature and bipartisan heritage, has been one of those remarkable landmarks. Even a decade after its passage, the political struggle is far from over, as the ACA is still facing near constant threats from the incumbent president, Congress, the courts, statehouses, attorneys general, and governors across the nation. How have political scientists responded to the continued struggle? This article provides an overview of the effects of health reform and the ACA on political science research since 2008. While political scientists have written much about the subject, coverage has been distinctly uneven within the discipline. Indeed, it has almost been entirely confined to scholars of public and health policy. Nonetheless, there have been important contributions across disciplinary fields. This article provides an overview of contributions embedded within the study of federalism, policy feedback effects, and political framing. It concludes by emphasizing the need for more engaged scholarship on health policy issues from across the entire discipline, and by highlighting other areas of study that could benefit from broader attention by political scientists.     

试论20世纪六七十年代两次文化政策的调整

在新中国的历史上,调整文化政策影响最大的是20世纪60年代初期和70年代中期这两次。60年代初的文化政策调整是一次全面、自觉的调整,调整从调查研究入手,以调整知识分子政策为关键,注意解决红专关系、双百方针问题,制定了《科学十四条》、《高教六十条》和《文艺八条》等科学、教育、文艺领域的一系列条例,这些条例的制定是调整取得成果的标志;1975年文化政策的调整是在特殊条件下进行的一场尖锐复杂的斗争,文艺、科技、教育三个领域的调整方式方法特殊,结果也有差异,调整的关键在于分清是非、划清界限,文艺领域的调整取得了一定的成效,科学、教育方面分别写出了汇报提纲,但由于反击右倾翻案风运动,整顿被迫中断。两次文化政策的调整,对先进文化的建设和发展提供了宝贵的经验。     

Introduction: space,place and the geographies of women's caregiving work

The vast majority of caregivers, whether formal or informal, paid or unpaid, are women. Health care restructuring across the West, inspired by a shift from the welfare to neoliberal state, has greatly impacted caregiving. The idea for this collection arose as a result of a special paper session on the geographies of caregiving, held as part of the Association of American Geographers Meeting (Chicago, 2006). In hearing the papers presented, it became clear that geographers are engaged in interesting and innovative research in this area, much of which involves women's caregiving work in particular. As both unpaid informal family caregiving and paid formal practitioner-provided care are mainly addressed in this collection, they are briefly discussed in this editorial. This is followed by a discussion of the geographical contributions to the growing caregiving literature, which provides the foundation for an overview of ongoing and new research directions. The four articles that make up this special issue are then reviewed in brief. Finally, we identify issues that cut across all four articles, leading to a discussion of future research directions.     

60年代美国对华政策研究现状述评

国内外对于 50年代的中美关系和美国对华政策的研究已经取得了丰富的成果 ,而对 60年代美国对华政策的探讨还远远不够深入。美国学者对这一段外交史的研究带有较大的缺陷 ,其主流观点也经历了三次偏摆 ;相比之下中国学者的研究则相当滞后 ,零星的成果也是相当粗糙的。造成这种局面的原因有两个方面 :首先是大部分学者只关注这一时期的主要事态———越南战争 ,认为这一时期美国对华政策基本上承继了 50年代美国对华政策的遗产 ;其次很重要的一点是 ,决定 60年代美国对华政策的最重要的一部分外交档案———约翰逊政府时期的“美国外交文件集”于年前刚刚解密。本文试图依据已获得的这部分档案材料对 60年代的美国对华政策及中美关系的研究现状做一次综述性探索 ,以期抛砖引玉 ,引起同仁对这一主题的重视 ,并展开争鸣。     

Frozen Film and FOSDIC Forms: Restoring the 1960 U.S. Census of Population and Housing

In this article, the authors describe a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center (MPC), the U.S. Census Bureau, and the National Archives and Records Administration to restore the lost data from the 1960 Census. The data survived on refrigerated microfilm in a cave in Lenexa, Kansas. The MPC is now converting the data to usable form. Once the restored data are processed, the authors intend to develop three new data sources based on the 1960 census. These data will replace the most inadequate sample in the series of public-use census microdata spanning the years from 1850 to 2000, extend the chronological scope of the public census summary files, and provide a powerful new resource for the Census Bureau and its Research Data Centers.     

Crossman and Beyond: House of Commons Select Committees in the 1960s

Assessments of the work and impact of house of commons investigatory select committees during the 1960s usually centre on the success or otherwise of the new ‘specialist’ committees established in the second half of the decade. This article uses both quantitative and qualitative evidence to give a more rounded picture, including both new and existing committees. It concludes that 1960s select committees were more popular, active and influential than has previously been appreciated. It also argues that there has been an overvaluation of the role of the Labour cabinet minister, Richard Crossman, in promoting and establishing these committees, and that support for committee work on both front benches and back benches was rather more widespread and substantial than has been assumed. In particular, the article contends that Harold Wilson's role in advancing the work of select committees has been underestimated.     

60年代前期党对知识分子政策的反思和调整

60年代前期 ,党对知识分子政策进行了反思和调整 ,成为贯彻知识分子政策最自觉、最全面的时期之一。 1 958年秋冬至 1 960年党对知识分子政策的反思和重新认识 ,为 1 961年开始的知识分子政策调整准备了条件。 1 961年开始的调整主要从制定科研、教育、文艺的工作条例 ;为知识分子“脱帽加冕”及为被错误批判的知识分子甄别平反等方面进行。 60年代前期知识分子政策的调整 ,范围广 ,力度大 ,措施实 ,取得了良好的效果     

Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960–2008

Public policy toward the poor has shifted from an initial optimism during the War on Poverty to an ever‐increasing pessimism. Media discussion of poverty has shifted from arguments that focus on the structural causes of poverty or the social costs of having large numbers of poor to portrayals of the poor as cheaters and chiselers and of welfare programs doing more harm than good. As the frames have shifted, policies have followed. We demonstrate these trends with new indicators of the depth of poverty, the generosity of the government response, and media framing of the poor for the period of 1960–2008. We present a simple statistical model that explains poverty spending by the severity of the problem, gross domestic product, and media coverage. We then create a new measure of the relative generosity of U.S. government policy toward the poor and show that it is highly related to the content of newspaper stories. The portrayal of the poor as either deserving or lazy drives public policy.