殷墟晚商玉器切割技术试析

本文主要介绍了殷墟妇好墓玉器切割技术的研究情况。殷墟晚商时期玉器开料以锯片切割技术为主。二次加工中,存在一类携带解玉砂的、硬度和韧度都较高的线状工具,被用于镂雕等工艺。另外,解玉砂技术在殷墟晚商时期可能已产生变革。     

河南省荥阳市小胡村M22、M28相关问题蠡测

荥阳小胡村晚商墓地应为晚商"舌"族家族墓地,小胡村M22、M28是晚商"舌"族中小贵族墓葬,年代应在殷墟二期晚段。两墓所出"舌"铭铜器是目前所知最早的"舌"族铜器。从两座墓葬随葬青铜器的差异看,两座墓主生前在军队中应分属不同兵种。1933年安阳薛家庄出土"舌"铭铜器的殷墓墓主应属小胡村"舌"族一员,身份应为"舌"族高级贵族或族长。小胡村晚商墓葬随葬青铜器、玉器,罕见陶器以及普遍铺放朱砂的葬俗,与同时期殷墟及郑洛地区都有一定的差异。     

殷墟出土晚商陶器所见晋陕冀地区诸考古学文化因素

正作为晚商王朝政治、经济与文化中心,"大邑商"无论是等级、规模、人口、物质文化发达程度,还是人员与文化来源的多样性,都远超同时期的任何城邑。对殷墟陶器的认识,是晚商时期遗存研究的基础。无论是构建晚商时期年代学标尺,还是辨识典型商文化的内涵,无不以殷墟的陶器认知为基础。随着材料的积累和认识的深入,学术界已经认识到,殷墟遗址群陶器的文化因素及其来源并不单纯,陶器群的构成也并不单一。     

妇好墓圆雕玉器工艺研究

本文通过对妇好墓出土圆雕玉器的观察和微痕分析,讨论了开料、减地和打磨、阴刻、钻孔、透雕和掏膛工艺,发现殷墟晚商时期已经发生旋转砣具、解玉砂及"线锯"等关键性玉器技术变革,同时钻孔技术的创造性应用为圆雕玉器的制作起到了重要作用。殷墟晚商时期,玉器技术的变革与发展对后世产生了极为深远的影响。     

殷墟四合院式建筑基址考察

对殷墟某一区域建筑基址的大面积揭露,在殷墟考古上是极为难得的.这次发掘出来的六排四合院式建筑基址,排列有序,建筑形式相同,布局严谨,规划设计明确.但规格和等级明显偏低.它很可能是商王室下属的一处重要官邸或是殷商时期某一阶段某个族的核心建筑遗存.其始建年代应在殷墟文化第四期偏早阶段,毁弃时期应在殷墟文化第四期晚段,即武王灭商及其以后时期.     

略论殷墟王陵制度的形成

无论是传世文献还是甲骨金文,均反映出晚商时期有一个嫡庶观念逐渐加强的过程,而这个过程与殷墟西北岗王陵区不断突出王墓的作法是一致的。两个方面均反映出晚商王权的逐步加强以及父死子继王位传承制度的逐渐巩固与最终确立。西北岗王陵西区是比较纯粹的王陵区,但东区埋葬的人员较为复杂,只能看作是一处高等级王室墓地。西北岗王陵区可能开启于殷墟文化一期偏早阶段,并可能一开始就大致划定兆域界限。武丁在位时期可能对王陵制度作过重大调整,即西区只葬殷王,其他成员只能葬在王陵东区、小屯宫殿宗庙区西南部墓地以及后岗西区墓地等处。殷王陵不奉行夫妻并穴合葬,王与后分处。但王陵东区有异姓陪葬的现象。殷王陵区有象征国家政权的一面,与殷墟其他普通族墓地有较大差异。     

“九世之乱”的考古学初步观察

"九世之乱"时期是有商一代由二里冈时期向殷墟期过渡的重要时期。在这一时期都城和统治中心区、地方中心聚落和实际控制区域都发生剧烈的变化。隐藏在这些现象之下的是商文化在扩张方向和扩张方式上的变革,具体体现在虽四面出击但重北方和东方,以战争和结盟两种方式扩大商文化的影响范围,而正是这些变化为其后的殷墟晚商文化奠定了坚实的基础。     

谈殷墟俯身葬

俯身葬是我国著名考古学家李济先生在殷墟小屯村北地、西北地首先发现的。随之,对有关俯身葬的属性问题,在考古界曾引起了不同看法。近些年来,笔者在殷墟的考古发掘工作中,掌握了一批俯身葬的材料。并对俯身葬的有关资料进行了较为全面的分析研究。下面就殷墟俯身葬的有关问题,谈点粗浅的看法,以供同志们参考。一、基本概况俯身葬式是殷墟墓地中常见的一种墓主葬式。在殷墟大司空村殷代墓葬中俯身葬22座,占已知葬式的25%。西区墓葬中俯身葬142座,占已知葬式的27.8%。南区墓葬中俯身葬65座,占已知葬式的28%。以     

晚商西土考古学文化变迁与社会管理的认识

晚商时期的西土包括今豫西、晋南、关中的大部分地区。考古资料显示,该地区以陶器为代表的考古学文化与殷墟文化面貌差别较大,但不同墓地大、中型墓葬的形制特点及随葬品等方面又与殷墟相似。结合历史文献及殷墟甲骨文记载分析,其因可能是周人、先族、匿族、鬼方等归附于商王朝的古族或方国,进入西土地区所致。由此说明,晚商时期西土地区出现国家社会治理体系与考古学文化及族群的剥离,实质是早期中国由血缘王国向地缘国家转变的重要标志,这也是历史时期考古学文化与族属关系研究的新课题。     

烟墩山出土的角状器

被冠以江南特有器物,出土于江苏丹徒烟墩山的一对铜角状器,实际上与河南安阳郭家庄出土的两两成对的铜三角形器,从类型、材质与功能上,都是一致的,都是孙桂恩所推测的弓弭,而殷墟卜辞与后来的礼书又都称之为"捍",是射者的一种贴身佩具。墓葬之中,最早出现以"捍"敛葬的,属于殷墟IV期的商奄集团。沿着这条线索,可以发现商奄的这一风俗,被后来的越国贵族墓所接纳,越墓中所出现的以陶质或瓷质角形器敛葬的习俗,正是商奄以"捍"敛葬礼俗在越地的延续。通过对这一习俗在时间、空间上的梳理,我们看到商奄入越的可能性非常之大。     

试论邳州梁王城遗址发现的西周墓葬——兼论铜山丘湾社祀遗迹的年代

本文将邳州梁王城遗址发现的西周墓葬分为三期,年代分别相当于西周早期、西周中期及西周晚期早段,初步建立苏鲁豫皖交界地带西周时期墓葬的分期年代标尺。西周墓葬随葬陶器群具有浓厚的殷墟文化遗风,并首次发现商系文化的男女合葬墓。根据全新材料及全新认识,铜山丘湾社祀遗迹的年代应属西周,该遗迹年代的改定,对于深入认识西周"殷社"的考古学面貌具有重要的学术意义。     

夏商西周时期的定量容器与基本单位量浅析

夏商西周时期是我国古代量制初步建立的重要时期,大口尊、盔形器、尖底陶杯、花边陶釜、殷墟的部分铜容礼器和箕形器是这一时期比较典型的定量容器.通过分析殷墟箕形器和南河崖西周盔形器的容积,可知晚商的安阳地区和西周中期的鲁北制盐作坊可能俱以250mL为基本单位量,与之配套的量制体系也可能已经产生.     

论老牛坡商文化的分期

本以层位关系为基础,对出土器物进行类型学分析,将老牛坡商代遗址分为四期,第一期时代相当于二里岗下层,第二期时代相当于二里岗上层,第三期时代相当于殷墟一、二期,第四期相当于殷墟三期及四期早段。将商代墓葬分为三期,分别相当于遗址的二、三、四期。最后总结了老牛坡商化各期的特征。     

论商周之际的乳钉夔纹盆形簋——关中地区先周时期铜器群探索之三

乳钉夔纹盆形簋主要出土于关中地区,是探索先周文化铜器群的重要研究对象。根据乳钉、夔纹特征及其组合关系可判断乳钉夔纹盆形簋的年代上限为殷墟文化第四期。根据纹饰特征可将关中地区商周之际的乳钉夔纹盆形簋分为三式,Ⅰ式的年代上限相当于殷墟文化第四期早段,Ⅱ式的年代跨先周晚期至西周初年,Ⅲ式的年代为西周早期。Ⅱ式簋主要出自关中地区商周之际的中小型墓葬,其背后反映的是关中地区在先周晚期的社会复杂化,中小贵族成为社会的中坚力量,为西土集团的崛起奠定了重要的礼制基础。乳钉夔纹圆鼎也是探索先周文化铜器群的重要对象,与乳钉夔纹盆形簋的关系密切,两者以一鼎一簋方式构成的随葬铜器组合有可能早至先周晚期。随着西土集团的东进灭商,乳钉夔纹盆形簋和乳钉夔纹圆鼎在东方地区的出现已晚至西周早期。     

浅析广西西林县普驮铜鼓葬

广西西林县普驮发现的“铜鼓葬”是古句町一种较为特殊的葬俗,时代为西汉晚期至东汉初,其特殊的葬俗、独特而丰富的随葬品,暗示此类葬俗是专为某类特殊的人群使用。我们认为西林普驮铜鼓葬的主人身份是句町部落集合体中具有显赫权威的精神领袖－巫师。     

On the Removal and Relaying of Roman Tesselated Floors

An excavation on the southern side of London Road, Staines, in 1999 revealed a dense concentration of ancient features surviving amidst the concrete foundations of a recently demolished office building. These features included a number of Bronze Age pits, many of which were intercut; pits, ditches and a well of late Roman origin; and the remains of approximately thirty inhumation burials, most or all of which were of late Saxon or early Norman origin. The majority, if not all, of the burials were of execution victims. Some of the bodies were face down within the grave, others had been decapitated, and some were in graves containing two or three bodies.

The cemetery shares various characteristics with other excavated execution sites and the evidence from Staines is placed within a regional and national context. The site is one of few execution cemeteries dated by radiocarbon with a chronology spanning at least the eighth to the twelfth century. This longevity adds weight to the case for a centrally organized judicial system during the growth period of the major Early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.     

RAVENS AND CROWS IN IRON AGE AND ROMAN BRITAIN

The raven and crow skeletons from Danebury are re‐examined, taking into account their taphonomy, their context and the associated finds. Raven and crow burials from other Iron Age and Roman sites are surveyed, again with a discussion of their context and associated finds where these could be ascertained. Taken together, the evidence makes it clear that most if not all were deliberate burials, often at the base of pits. We demonstrate how interpretations of such burials have changed, with zooarchaeologists initially proposing functional explanations and archaeologists readier to accept that the burials were deliberate. We go on to argue that the unique character of ravens and crows, including their tolerance of humans, their scavenging habits, and their voice, led to their playing an important role in Iron Age and Roman rites and beliefs.     

The Eslington Sword and the Kingdom of Northumbria

NEW DISCOVERIES may indicate the location of a previously unknown early medieval burial ground in central Northumberland. Objects discovered during the course of metal-detecting include an assemblage with a folded, pattern-welded sword and zoomorphic shield mount. Excavation indicated near total destruction of deposits as a result of post-medieval land-use and only Bronze-Age burials inserted into bedrock remained intact. Three putative early medieval burials are identified here, with the largest assemblage associated with a high-status male. The sword and shield mount from this assemblage are comparable with finds from high-status burials in southern and eastern England. Together with the landscape context of the site, the assemblage provides evidence for the burial practices of an emerging Northumbrian elite in the late 6th century ad.     

CHEST BURIAL: A MIDDLE ANGLO‐SAXON FUNERARY RITE FROM NORTHERN ENGLAND

Chest burials, in which the body is interred in a wooden chest with a hinged lid, are one of the most characteristic funerary practices of the middle Anglo‐Saxon period in northern England. The majority are dated to between the seventh and ninth centuries, and are found at 19 different sites located within the contemporary early medieval kingdom of Northumbria. The collation of a corpus of chest burials, and examination of their form, context and the identities of the individuals they were afforded to, have revealed that these interments seem to have been made in reused pieces of domestic furniture and provided to both sexes, but rarely afforded to infants or young children. The individuals buried in chests also shared an extremely physically active lifestyle and in some cases met a violent death, further distinguishing them from their contemporaries.