商代亲称区别字若干问题研究

目次一商代亲称前的数字问题二商代亲称前的大、中、小问题三商代亲称中的"高"与"毓"四结语简单而言,亲属称谓是指那些反映人们亲属关系的称谓,如祖、妣、父、母、兄、弟等一系列基本称谓。商代亲属称谓前的区别字意义重大,它和亲称共同规定了成员的家族乃至社会角色。然而,对于区别字问题,此前学者虽已有很好的讨论,但仍存留诸多问题有待进一步研究。     

从《尚书·盘庚》看殷代的“德”观念

尽管最可信的商代文献《尚书.盘庚》篇中出现了十个"德"字,但多数学者都认为"德"字乃至德观念应当是周代新创,并对周代的"德"观念给予了较多的关注。商代的甲骨文中的"徝"即为"德"字前身,符合汉字的演进规律,其内涵与周代的"德"字也存在着千丝万缕的联系。殷商时代就已经存在着"德"观念,《盘庚》篇十"德"的主要意蕴尚处在其原始义——行为的阶段,并包含了王德、臣德和民德三个层次,而周代的更为理性"德"是对殷代的"德"观念进行扬弃的结果。     

商代赏赐金文研究

商代末期铭文字数渐次增加,记事性金文也逐渐流行起来。商代青铜铭文中最常见的内容有族氏铭文、族氏铭文加祖先称谓、单纯的铭"某作某器"等。另外还出现了记事性铭文。这类记事性铭文,字数多在10字以上。这些记事铭文,以赏赐为其内容     

严志斌《商代青铜器铭文研究》评介

商代金文与殷墟甲骨文互为表里、相辅相成,共同构成了我国目前所见最早且具有断代意义的商代文字的主体。目前已知的商代有铭青铜器逾六千件,但其内容简短,以二三字为主,超过10字者不过百件,而逾30字者更是屈指可数,故学者多就其中某一类具体问题进行研究,全面系统的综合研究专著尚少。     

郑州出土的商代牛肋骨刻辞与社祀遗迹

郑州出土的商代早期牛肋骨刻辞上新发现的"乇"字符合实际。"乇"与"亳"在字形和读音上均有关联,故"乇土"即"亳土",也即亳社。牛肋骨上的两条刻辞反映了商代的社祀。"乇土"与商城内发现的战国陶文"亳"和商代的社祀遗迹都证明了郑州商城即是汤所都之亳。     

河南荥阳小胡村墓地商代墓葬发掘简报

2006年7~9月,河南省文物考古研究院对荥阳市小胡村墓地进行了抢救性考古勘探和发掘,共清理商代晚期墓葬58座,墓葬形制均为长方形竖穴土坑,葬具多为一棺一椁,人骨保存较差。在出土的多件铜器上发现铭文"舌"字,这里应是一处商代晚期的"舌"族墓地。此墓地的完整揭露所获资料,对研究商代晚期丧葬习俗、族属及相关历史地理等问题具有重要的学术意义。     

甲骨文"□"字考释与洹北商城1号宫殿基址性质探讨

殷墟洹北商城新发现的大型宫殿1号基址平面呈"回"字形,这与上世纪50年代陈梦家先生根据卜辞所作的殷代宗庙是"四合院似的"之推测契合。本文通过对甲骨文"□"字的文字学及卜辞辞例分析和1号宫殿基址的考古学分析,认为1号宫殿基址的性质为商代王室宗庙遗存,甲骨文"□"字正是这类王室宗庙的标符,可释为"庙"字。     

(弋卩)其卣的X射线检测分析

商代晚期的青铜器一般铸文字数不多,少则一二字,多者四五字,目前已经发现的铸有数十字铭文的器物仅有几件。故宫博物院珍藏的三件晚商帝辛时代(弋阝)其卣,因分别铸有27、39、42字铭文而具有重要的史学价值,被视为商代青铜器中的珍品。三件(戈阝)其卣铭文内容涉及商代礼制与宗教活动,有关学者考证,所记祀典可以排进帝辛时的周祭祀谱。长期以来,(戈阝)其三卣一直受到学者们的重视,有关的研究从未间断。择其要目,对     

戍甬鼎铭文考释

戍甬鼎,又称戍革鼎、俎子鼎、宜子鼎,商代晚期帝乙、帝辛时器物,内壁铸铭文27字,研究价值较大。文章在前人研究成果的基础上,对部分铭文进行了重新释读和断句,认为鼎上的族氏铭文为"亚见"","为"俎"",省"为地名","为"甬"。     

从卜辞“亚”字的一种特殊用法看商代政治地理——兼谈“殷”的地域性问题

关于商代王畿、"四土"与"内外服"问题,已有相当多的学者做过探讨,所得成果亦很可观。本文对殷墟YH127坑出土的一组特殊卜年卜辞进行对比,发现存在"亚"与四土在地域性质上相对的现象,由之配合传世文献、文字学以及考古材料的观照,进一步对此问题做意义上的梳理,指出在传统的内外服观念外,商代可能还存在一种对大邑商边缘的特定政治地理认识。此外,本文同时针对卜辞中的"殷"字进行探讨,对其地域性用法做出较为清楚的剖析。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.