探索北极世界中的生命 13天北极游随行笔记摘选

<正>飞行在几千米高的北极上空,透过机舱舷窗俯瞰,看着厚厚白雪覆盖下连绵的黑色山脊上,这才真正感受到地球最北之地的瑰丽。一眼望去,只有蓝得让人窒息的天空和纯洁的白雪,一切如此安静。下了飞机,踏上位于北极圈内的斯瓦尔巴群岛首府朗伊尔城,终于,我来到了北极。     

探索北极世界中的生命 13天北极游随行笔记摘选

<正>飞行在几千米高的北极上空,透过机舱舷窗俯瞰,看着厚厚白雪覆盖下连绵的黑色山脊上,这才真正感受到地球最北之地的瑰丽。一眼望去,只有蓝得让人窒息的天空和纯洁的白雪,一切如此安静。下了飞机,踏上位于北极圈内的斯瓦尔巴群岛首府朗伊尔城,终于,我来到了北极。     

探索北极

<正>北极,一直是一个遥远而神秘的地方,被认为是极寒之地,寸草不生,而事实上,就是这样自然条件恶劣的北极,却蕴藏着太多人类无法想象的宝藏。北极是指北纬66°34′(北极圈)以北的广大区域,也叫作北极地区。北极地区包括极区北冰洋、边缘陆地海岸带及岛屿、北极苔原和最外侧的泰加林带。     

探索北极

正北极,一直是一个遥远而神秘的地方,被认为是极寒之地,寸草不生,而事实上,就是这样自然条件恶劣的北极,却蕴藏着太多人类无法想象的宝藏。北极是指北纬66°34′(北极圈)以北的广大区域,也叫作北极地区。北极地区包括极区北冰洋、边缘陆地海岸带及岛屿、北极苔原和最外侧的泰加林带。     

活跃的北极生命

<正>与南极大陆不同,北极的生命活动非常活跃。有900种显花植物,有成千上万的驯鹿、麝牛、北极兔,每公顷多达1500只的旅鼠。北半球全部鸟类的1/6在北极繁育后代,而且至少有12种鸟类在北极越冬。北半球的2月份,地轴开始倾斜,太阳光线开始逐渐往北攀爬,北极地区也开始从冬天的严寒中苏醒过来,生活在陆地上的捕食者开始走到冰面上寻找食物。     

活跃的北极生命

正与南极大陆不同,北极的生命活动非常活跃。有900种显花植物,有成千上万的驯鹿、麝牛、北极兔,每公顷多达1500只的旅鼠。北半球全部鸟类的1/6在北极繁育后代,而且至少有12种鸟类在北极越冬。北半球的2月份,地轴开始倾斜,太阳光线开始逐渐往北攀爬,北极地区也开始从冬天的严寒中苏醒过来,生活在陆地上的捕食者开始走到冰面上寻找食物。     

芬兰,世界北极的童话

芬兰,美称千湖之国、千岛之国、森林之国。这里景色如画,风情独特,神奇的北极光、温隋的圣诞老人村、风行世界的“萨乌那”……都会给你留下难忘的印象。     

北极原住民的彩色现代世界

与南极不同,北极地区很早就有人类活动的记载,并延续至今。比如世代生活在北极冰雪天地的原住民爱斯基摩人,以及前几个世纪从欧洲大陆来此专业从事狩猎的北欧人。相对来说北极地区人气更旺。去年秋天第三次来到了格陵兰岛东部的一个小镇,名字叫做Ittoqqortoormiit,也是东格陵兰岛最北端有人类常年居住的小镇,地理位置达到了北纬70度左右。一年中超过一半是极夜,超过280天气温低于零度。镇上约有500个居民,绝大部分都是常年居住于此的爱斯基摩人。对于游客来说,来这里有几大看点,一个是彩色的房屋,对比雪山和蓝天白云,     

北极天空中的眼睛

说起北极光,并不是什么神秘的东西,而是一年365天时时刻刻发生在地球大气表面的自然现象.极光是原子与分子在地球大气层最上层运作激发的光学现象,它没有固定的型态,颜色也不尽相同,绚丽多姿又神秘难测.一般只有在严寒的秋冬夜晚,高纬度的地区,才有机会目睹.本来9月份的北极之行,我对于北极光并没有有太多的期待,因为9月份的北极还处于夏秋转换之际,每天天黑的时段也就5～6个小时.所以当冰岛连续3天阴雨过后,我几乎放弃了拍摄北极光的念头.然而在格陵兰Scoresby Sund峡湾航行第一天晚上10点多,当船上广播响起“Northern Lights!” (北极光出现)的时候,兴奋之情难以言表.于是我赶紧穿戴整齐,带上三脚架云台,两台机身以及24～ 70mm以及8～ 15mm两个镜头冲到甲板上.     

丰富多彩的生命世界

<正>倾听大地,生命无处不在,从珍禽猛兽到藓类地衣,从微生物到植物、动物,每种生物的存在,不禁令人油然生畏。这种纷繁浩渺的多样化,跨越了众多不同的生态体系。从珊瑚礁到极地冰山,从热带雨林到温带草原,大自然体系的多样性支撑着数目庞大的不同物种,目前已鉴定、记述、注册的生物约有190万种。随着人类的出现,地球上的生物多样性也达到了最高水平,更加丰富多彩。灿烂多姿的动物世界动物是生物界中的一大类,是以有     

Nuutauniq (Moves in Inuit Life): Arctic Transformations and the Politics of Urban Inuit Mobility

ABSTRACT

Today, one in four Inuit live outside of Inuit Nunangat, the Arctic territory incorporating the four northern Inuit land claims regions. With the majority of those Inuit living in cities, the issue of urban Inuit populations is becoming a more prominent focus for policy debate. In this article, I argue that urban Inuit mobility is a historically complex and multilayered phenomenon embedded in, not detached from, the major processes of social transformation affecting Inuit across the Canadian Arctic from the mid-twentieth century on. I use this analysis to explore the diverse formulation of Inuit-specific policy initiatives in Montreal, a task that, I show, is made easier by the Montreal Inuit radio show called Nipivut.     

扎营苔原

<正>格陵兰航空的飞机清一色地浑身涂成醒目的猩红色。后来我们发现,在这一片银白色世界里,这样做实在是很聪明。高空之中,能见度很低。直到飞机下降到550米时,透过舷窗,白底黑痕的冰原和山丘方才依稀可辨。康克鲁斯瓦格是格陵兰岛唯一可起降大型飞机的入口,机场和跑道原是美军建立,后来以一个美元的对价归还了当地政府。步下舷梯,迎接我们的是幽幽飘落的大片雪花和降至冰点的气温。     

扎营苔原

正格陵兰航空的飞机清一色地浑身涂成醒目的猩红色。后来我们发现,在这一片银白色世界里,这样做实在是很聪明。高空之中,能见度很低。直到飞机下降到550米时,透过舷窗,白底黑痕的冰原和山丘方才依稀可辨。康克鲁斯瓦格是格陵兰岛唯一可起降大型飞机的入口,机场和跑道原是美军建立,后来以一个美元的对价归还了当地政府。步下舷梯,迎接我们的是幽幽飘落的大片雪花和降至冰点的气温。     

阅读一座山

我深信每一座山都有自己的往事,它无比漫长的记忆起始于从大地挣脱扑向天空的那一刻。我深信每一座山都有自己不同寻常的历史,它的书写和创作来自于时间的堆积,岁月的磨砺,以及光阴的流逝。     

The Arctic in the middle ages

The rather sparse and dubious data about Arctic regions known to Antiquity were taken over, mostly via Pliny, by the middle ages and reinforced and expanded in significant ways. This paper, which was delivered as an Inaugural Lecture at the University of Groningen in November 1982, reviews the activities and reports of medieval explorers, colonists and traders in or about the Arctic and considers the handful of medieval writers who display some real knowledge about Arctic regions. The generality of medieval writers on history and geography knew little or nothing. Even so, it is shown that here and there references are made to many of the features which are thought of as typically Arctic in the modern popular consciousness, with the exception of igloos and muskoxen. Commercial connections with the Arctic through Novgorod and Bergen are examined, and some account given of contacts with Iceland and the disappearance of the Norse settlement in Greenland. Polar bears and white falcons in western Europe, both of nearly indisputable Arctic origin, are discussed, attention is drawn to the very inadequate portrayal of the Arctic on medieval maps, and the paper closes with a glance at Olaus Magnus's account of northern peoples published in 1555.     

The Arctic in the middle ages

The rather sparse and dubious data about Arctic regions known to Antiquity were taken over, mostly via Pliny, by the middle ages and reinforced and expanded in significant ways. This paper, which was delivered as an Inaugural Lecture at the University of Groningen in November 1982, reviews the activities and reports of medieval explorers, colonists and traders in or about the Arctic and considers the handful of medieval writers who display some real knowledge about Arctic regions. The generality of medieval writers on history and geography knew little or nothing. Even so, it is shown that here and there references are made to many of the features which are thought of as typically Arctic in the modern popular consciousness, with the exception of igloos and muskoxen. Commercial connections with the Arctic through Novgorod and Bergen are examined, and some account given of contacts with Iceland and the disappearance of the Norse settlement in Greenland. Polar bears and white falcons in western Europe, both of nearly indisputable Arctic origin, are discussed, attention is drawn to the very inadequate portrayal of the Arctic on medieval maps, and the paper closes with a glance at Olaus Magnus's account of northern peoples published in 1555.     

Life on the Edge of the Arctic: The Bioarchaeology of the Keldudalur Cemetery in Skagafjörður,Iceland

Burials were examined from the late Viking Age early medieval Christian cemetery at the farm of Keldudalur in the Skagafjörður region, Northern Iceland. The cemetery likely served a single household for about 100–120 years, from the beginning of the 11th century AD to the turn of the 12th century. Cemetery inhabitants represent a population that lived through the transitional period when Christianity was established in Iceland. The changes are visible in the mortuary record with the changeover from outlying pagan graves to enclosed Christian cemeteries situated on the farmsteads. Keldudalur is one of the numerous early Christian family cemeteries that littered the 11th century Skagafjörður landscape. The burials included 53 well‐preserved skeletons of 27 adults and 26 subadults. Various factors such as fluctuating climate and environmental conditions, and seasonal or periodical availability of resources have the potential for impacting human diet and health over time. To assess the health status of the burials, data were collected for a number of health status indicators such as stature estimation, developmental enamel defects, porotic hyperostosis, infectious disease, trauma, degenerative joint diseases, dental caries, calculus and tooth loss. Results suggest that inhabitants of Keldudalur experienced periodic stress and rigorous living conditions. Infant mortality was great, although if individuals survived childhood, the age expectancy was fairly high. There was no obvious evidence for interpersonal violence or endemic infectious disease. However, the common occurrence of growth disturbances, generalised periostitis, trauma and degenerative joint disease all point to a number of stressors in the lives of the people at Keldudalur, which is suggestive of a resilient people living and adapting to a harsh and periodically resource scarce subarctic environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.