Labour after Land Reform: The Precarious Livelihoods of Former Farmworkers in Zimbabwe

What happens to labour when major redistributive land reform restructures a system of settler colonial agriculture? This article examines the livelihoods of former farmworkers on large‐scale commercial farms who still live in farm compounds after Zimbabwe's land reform. Through a mix of surveys and in‐depth biographical interviews, four different types of livelihood are identified, centred on differences in land access. These show how diverse, but often precarious, livelihoods are being carved out, representing the ‘fragmented classes of labour’ in a restructured agrarian economy. The analysis highlights the tensions between gaining new freedoms, notably through access to land, and being subject to new livelihood vulnerabilities. The findings are discussed in relation to wider questions about the informalization of the economy and the role of labour and employment in a post‐settler agrarian economy, where the old ‘farmworker’ label no longer applies.     

Rural Growth Points and Rural Industries in Zimbabwe: Ideologies and Policies

A Rural Service Centre which provided all basic infrastructure, had a strong residential component and offered a wide range of services would automatically attract rural non-farm activities. This is the term applied to the whole range of activities connected with trading, manufacturing, construction, transport and government and other services. improved infrastructure is the key to more rural manufacturing. The deficiency in manufacturing may therefore be expected to right itself if given the necessary Government support through the provision of infrastructure. (Whitsun Foundation, 1980: 60–1; emphases added). Rural Service Centres ‘do not offer any major form of non-agricultural employment other than trade and certain jobs connected with the provision of services for agricultural communities’. (Hanratty and Heath, 1984:27)     

Recruitment Procedures in the Construction of Labour Market Relations The Ethnic Divide in Sweden

In seeking to better understand the processes involved in the structuring of regional labour markets, an interview study has been conducted which focuses on recruitment procedures in private firms and public sector organizations in the Stockholm region, Sweden. The analysis discusses some of the effects of recruitment procedures used by the investigated firms and organizations, especially in terms of how new employees are selected and how these procedures may in turn act to hinder the entrance of ‘others’ into employment. The conclusions are discussed in relation to the situation in Sweden with particular consideration of the ethnic structure of the workforce and the high unemployment rates among groups of the immigrant population. Further, it is argued that such recruitment procedures as evidenced in the interview study are related to wider socio‐economic change, the particular characteristics of workplaces and their spatial context.     

Locating and Dislocating Gender in Rural Zimbabwe: The making of space and the texturing of bodies

In this article the author analyses some of the key discourses and practices that locate the meanings of gender in contemporary rural Zimbabwe and maps their strategic reproduction throughout a century of upheaval and change. In so doing, the author attempts to make several original contributions to an already well-developed literature: he analyses the hitherto largely neglected spatial dimensions of gender relations in this context, argues that the social construction of space and of gendered bodies is interlinked in this region, reinterprets many of the established accounts of corporeality in this context, and develops a Foucauldian inspired notion of power and patriarchy to help explain the constitution of space, bodies and gender relations in this particular arena. The author's detailed empirical analysis of a specific case is of interest to regional specialists but also has broader appeal as an example of the utility of contemporary theory to the investigation of developing world contexts . In attempting to describe the ways in which gender is located in material and discursive space in this context, the author's purpose is to assist those engaged in contemporary feminist struggles in Zimbabwe to ask questions about how gender might be dislocated from these geographical foundations.     

近代华北集市的发展

清末到民国前期是华北集市的一个重大发展时期,表现为集市数量大幅度增加,集市网络层级结构更加分明,其功能也有重大变化。同时,这一时期也正是华北地区集镇的勃兴时期。集市的发展和集镇的勃兴同步进行,集镇的勃兴并没有使集市黯然失色,集市依然扮演着重要的角色。这既是华北地区在近代尤其是清末到民国前期商品化快速发展的一个侧面反映,也是华北区域市场发展迥异于江南地区的一个特点。     

Correction in the Countryside: Convict Labour in Rural Germany 1871-1914

Over the course of the Empire demand for labour in the countrysideand penal reform together created the conditions for a greaterdeployment of prisoners, workhouse inmates and young offendersin agriculture. Farming on site, and especially leasing offenders,were the most cost-efficient ways of detaining men. Agriculturalwork was also regarded as key to their rehabilitation. It servedto equip inmates upon release for the sector of the economymost in need of workers. ‘Outside work’ away fromthe institution was also seen as an intermediate stage in theprisoner's sentence before release. Two developments in thecharitable sector complemented this correctional strategy: theemergence of a network of workers’ farming colonies whichacted as half-way houses for ex-prisoners after release, andex-offender employment programmes run by prisoner welfare societies,channelling ex-offenders towards agricultural employment. Despitethese efforts to reintegrate offenders, re-offending rates remainedhigh. Penal authorities either attributed this to the incorrigibilityof some inmates, or pushed for longer sentences. In some casespenal and medical authorities were inclined to re-interpretthe criminal behaviour of repeat offenders as behaviour symptomaticof mental illness, and some inmates were transferred to asylums.In the discourse surrounding the failure of reform the argumentthat the exclusionary and punitive nature of the prison andworkhouse régime actually worked against rehabilitationheld little sway, nor the argument that high re-offending ratescould be attributed to the vagrancy and begging laws which criminalizedsystemic poverty and homelessness. Absent here was any understandingthat the life offered following release, working as ancillaryworkers or hands on the estates, bore too striking a resemblanceto work in agriculture during detention. This in itself wasone major reason why many ex-offenders directed into agriculturalemployment after release refused to stay and work.     

Reality versus Policy: The Delineation and Testing of Local Labour Market and Spatial Policy Areas

As part of the empirical planning science, this article integrates theory, empirical findings and policy. It first deals with the question how to reach a theoretically well-grounded and empirical applicable delineation of local labour market areas. An inductive classification method is selected based on the behaviour of individual commuters without selecting a priori central places. By this, new urban forms like polynodality are included. In using this method for the Netherlands, 31 local labour market areas (LLAs) were distinguished. Moreover, the article elaborates some simple measures to test the optimality of LLA classifications. The 31 LLAs adequately reflect the 'reality' of actual functional labour market relationships. The article also investigates the matching between reality and the LLA classification as used in spatial policy. There is a large gap between reality and policy. This urges bringing the policy classification more in line with existing LLAs. Alternatively, if one considers the present policy classification as an instrument for future spatial structure, much additional effort will be required. The findings of the article can be easily applied to other European countries.     

Women and Guilds: Corporations and Female Labour Market Participation in Early Modern Holland

Recently, historians have suggested that the economic role of Dutch women and the remarkable economic development of the Dutch Republic are related. Guilds are said to have played an important role. This article analyses the female admission to guilds in early modern Holland in order to assess how guilds affected female labour participation. A classification of guilds according to their admittance of women reveals significant variations in the extent of incorporation of women. Gender norms were not rigid and were applied with flexibility. Thus, guilds formed no obstacle for women in contributing to the flourishing economy of the Dutch Republic.     

津巴布韦野生鸟类

正津巴布韦位于非洲东南部,四季气候温和,流经这里的林波波河与赞比西河,为这里带来了充足的水源和繁密的草木,也为众多珍稀野生动物提供了栖息和繁衍的理想环境。尤其到了干旱季节,在这片低洼地带,我们会看到许多濒临灭绝的黑犀牛、尼罗河鳄鱼等珍稀物种聚集在此。津巴布韦鸟类资源十分丰富,埃及雁、安哥拉蓝饰雀、白腹鹳、斑鱼狗、花蜜鸟、箭尾维达鸟、阔嘴三宝鸟、塞内加尔鹦     

The geographical distribution of Labour

The small volcanic and limestone islands of the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean, have a continuous history of commercial agricultural production which goes back 370 years. During this period, conditions of the environment, both natural (volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, droughts) and human‐induced (deforestation, erosion, land degradation and reduction in the water‐table), have interfered with development in a variety of ways. The paper reviews past and present situations, and considers how growing sectoral imbalances may accentuate the resulting problems.     

津巴布韦野生鸟类

<正>津巴布韦位于非洲东南部,四季气候温和,流经这里的林波波河与赞比西河,为这里带来了充足的水源和繁密的草木,也为众多珍稀野生动物提供了栖息和繁衍的理想环境。尤其到了干旱季节,在这片低洼地带,我们会看到许多濒临灭绝的黑犀牛、尼罗河鳄鱼等珍稀物种聚集在此。津巴布韦鸟类资源十分丰富,埃及雁、安哥拉蓝饰雀、白腹鹳、斑鱼狗、花蜜鸟、箭尾维达鸟、阔嘴三宝鸟、塞内加尔鹦     

略论完善农村市场经济制度

完善农村市场经济制度,是建立社会主义市场经济体制的内在组成部分。只有重构农地产权制度、规范农村税费制度、创新农村组织制度、重塑农村就业制度、构造农村社会保障制度,才能为推进农村工业化、城市化和农业现代化构建完善的制度基础。     

伪满洲国劳动界的民族结构和民族间的位置关系

在分析伪满洲国的民族间的地位关系时,有着在满朝鲜人是处于支配民族的日本人和被支配民族的中国人之间的“中间”或说是比中国人优越的“二等公民”的说法。这样的论据提示了伪满洲国时期劳动界的民族间的工资差异,劳动条件的差异及民族间的粮食供给顺序。虽然伪满洲国的工厂、矿山、搬运、通信劳动领域中民族间平均每人工资额数为日本人一朝鲜人一中国人的顺序,平均每人工资额数朝鲜人比中国人多;但是其中高收入的比重却是中国人比朝鲜人高很多,朝鲜人中高收入的人是极少数。劳动条件也是朝鲜人比中国人恶劣。另外伪满洲国劳动界事实上是日本人和中国人两分天下,朝鲜人的比重微乎其微。其结果是伪满洲国的劳动政策也是以日本人和中国人为主,朝鲜人在其劳动政策中处于次要的地位。