穿越风之谷

<正>我们抵达"世界的中心"乌卢鲁-卡塔楚塔国家公园,住在附近唯一的落脚点,这里的营地可以眺望到乌卢鲁与卡塔楚塔两处自然奇观。这些世界上最著名的红土石头山吸引着人们驱车几千公里从现代文明世界赶来,体验极致的蛮荒、野性、神秘和壮美。国家公园的入口就在距度假区几分钟车程的地方,过了这道关口就迈进了世居澳洲的当地人心中最神圣的一片土地,同时这也是上百公里之远的大片荒野。或许这恰巧能说明为什     

Winds and electric fields in the upper E-region over Malvern

Some preliminary hourly values of total ionic velocity in the upper E-region (122–144 km) are presented and the magnetic meridian component of horizontal neutral wind, averaged from observations on 14 days spread over about two years, is studied. The semi-diurnal variation is found to be predominant at 122 km, almost exactly in phase with the same component at St. Santin (France). Knowledge of the complete ionic velocity allows the rigorous calculation of the meridian perpendicular component of the electric field, some preliminary values of which are presented.     

Strong Words and Forceful Winds: Religious Experience and Political Process in Melanesia

Melanesian religious movements tend to conform to two contrasting types of regime: the one relatively centralized, hierarchical, stable, long-lived, and nationalistic; the other fragmented, egalitarian, unstable, sporadic, and parochial. Existing theories of ‘cargo cults’, including the progressivist hypothesis which views millenarism as the natural precursor of nationalism, have failed to appreciate this fundamental divergence. It is shown that politico-religious regimes are rooted in alternative cognitive processes, a point which is illustrated with reference to the Pomio Kivung movement of New Britain and the Taro cult of Northern Papua. One implication of this argument is that typologies of cults, based on ideological variation, are of limited sociological import, and rather that the structure and scale of cults are artefacts of distinctive styles of cognition, codification, and transmission.     

Of Winds,Worms and Mana: the Traditional Calendar of the Torres Islands,Vanuatu

This paper explores how the expression of ‘capacity’ (mena, more commonly known as mana in other Oceanic settings) and the evocation of abundance are played out in relation to seasonal change and human‐environmental relations, as observed in the Torres Islands, Vanuatu. It considers the importance for communities of North and Central Vanuatu of the appearance of a ubiquitous sea worm known as the Palolo, in combination with the regular motions of the sun and the moon, the prevaling winds and various other ecological patterns. While human‐environmental relations are often mediated by the idea of mena, this also constitutes a basic social value that informs local senses of place and belonging. The study of temporality and environmental knowledge can help to de‐centre territorial notions of ‘place’ by situating this concept within the broader context in which people experience it. Finally, because these data bear on macro comparisons that span the Western Pacific, this article is aimed in part at putting the interpretation of time and calendrics within the Indo‐Pacific frame of reference that they should begin to take.     

从《鄘风》、《邶风》、《卫风》探卫国之民风

《鄘风》、《邶风》、《卫风》三风中所反映的社会问题可以说是极其相似的,不仅仅是因为它们的地理位置关系,更是因为他们的相似的经济与政治问题,所以从此三风中,我们可以看出卫国的社会风貌与国人的生活之事。     

Winds,wind-shears and plasma densities during the initial phase of a magnetic storm from equatorial latitudes

Results of a sodium vapour release experiment carried out from SHAR (India), an equatorial rocket launching station, immediately after (⩽ 2 h) a storm sudden commencement (SSC) during the initial phase of a magnetic storm, followed by electron density measurements are presented. Many of the relevant atmospheric parameters, namely, neutral winds and their altitude variation, the magnitude of the shears in them, the neutral temperature with altitude by spectroscopic methods, diffusion measurements on the released trail, clues on the turbopause level and the electron densities including the structures (irregularities) in them were obtained. The results of the temperature measurements carried out independently on the sodium trail by means of a ground-based Fabry-Perot spectrometer, operating on the sodium D 1 line, resonantly scattered by the trail have already been reported by us (Ranjan Guptaet al., 1986). In this paper the effects of the excess temperature reported earlier and the rest of the measured parameters on the electron density profiles are evaluated using models and compared with the measurements.The formation of sharp layers of ionization have been explained on the basis of the electro-dynamical processes associated with the wind shears at a location, close to the edge of the equatorial electrojet belt. The significance of the changes in the neutral composition due to the enhanced neutral temperature and the low turbopause level, in increasing the base-level plasma densities by a factor of 3–5 are demonstrated and the possible role of plasma dynamics discussed.     

Shifting Winds: Explaining Variation in State Policies to Promote Small‐Scale Wind Energy

States have increasingly taken leading roles in U.S. environmental policymaking over the past two decades. As laboratories of democracy, states have developed different levels and mixes of policies to address climate change, nonpoint source pollution, alternative energy, and other challenging environmental issues. Policy scholars have sought to explain variation in state environmental policy through two primary theoretical lenses: internal determinants and regional diffusion. While our understanding of state environmental policy adoption has grown to identify which variables are most important, less is known about how these variables interact in particular states to influence policy adoption. This study examines the interactions of variables from both theories to explain how state policies for small‐scale wind energy promotion were adopted in three U.S. states. Our results highlight the nuanced role of citizen ideology, which may be important in contexts at either end of the ideological spectrum but less important in the middle—where economic development is more critical. Results also indicate that interstate competition may be over environmental as well as economic leadership. Interestingly, strength of the wind resource is not necessarily correlated with policy adoption for small‐scale wind energy promotion.     

加拉帕戈斯 从火山到深海的世界尽头之旅

<正>锤头鲨,顾名思义,这种鲨鱼有着像锤子一样的脑袋,准确地说来,它们的脑袋长得如同一把榔头,而眼睛就长在头的左右两侧,距离非常远,看上去颇有几分怪异,不过也正是因为这样,锤头鲨才有了更为广阔的视野。锤头鲨的寿命通常有30～40岁。一般来说,锤头鲨的体长在4米左右,体重230公斤上下,生活在热带及温带海域。在今天,锤头鲨已经成为濒危动物,在加拉帕戈斯,你能够见到这些"水中巨头"的身影,其实还有赖于当地政府的保护,厄瓜多尔政府已经在加拉帕戈斯群岛的海洋保护区内为濒临灭绝的锤头鲨设立了禁猎区,让这些"水中巨头"可以有一片生存的净土。     

折柳送别诗的民俗观照

“折柳”作为我国特有的送别习俗起源很早,因为“柳”在我国是“祝福”的象征,也是可以“驱鬼避邪”的“鬼怖木”;柳在中国古人心目中可以起到保护的作用,它既可以保护逝去的亲人的灵魂远行,同样保护活着的亲人路途平安。折柳送别的习俗植根于我国独特的传统文化,与我国古代人民的文化心理密切相关。     

行摄西班牙 领略小而精致的别样风景

<正>西班牙,这个号称"出产阳光和海滩"的国家,是个享誉全球的旅游大国。截至2018年7月4日第42届世界遗产大会闭幕,西班牙共计拥有47项世界遗产,名列世界第3位。西班牙丰富的旅游资源,深厚的文化底蕴,以及热情的舞蹈,就像一个強大的磁场,吸引着世界游客频繁往来。建在云端的龙达小镇吃过早饭,我们从塞维利亚出发,前往西班牙安达卢西亚的龙达小镇参观。龙达小镇有3000多年的悠久历史。早在罗马帝国时代,一批旅人风尘仆仆地爬上这座750公尺的悬崖峭壁,发现这里地势险要,风景秀丽,河流丰沛,于是安营扎寨,建造出第一座房子。这白     

文化生态之维:《硕鼠》庶民理想国奥义新论

《硕鼠》所展示的庶民理想国近于“极真”而远于“极幻”,这种强烈的现实意味起源于农业社会,而由理想者主体的庶民身份所决定.它产生的深层原因是魏国统治者以横征暴敛取代了周初设计的恩顾庶民政策.经济生态平衡的破坏引发了庶民的不满,于是逃往理想的国度便成为庶民的选择.此外,庶民理想国还缘于魏国的国境狭小.局缩于周、秦、晋等大国之间的魏国人民崇敬和向往大国,是国人产生去国离家而前往理想国度的重要因素.     

海底两万里 潜行中的海洋奇缘

<正>"每个人心底或许都有一片孤独而自由的大海,我们往往在深夜,独自潜入其中,有时又因为潜入得太深,而思念陆地上的灯火。大多数人一生都在这两者间穿梭。"——电影《碧海蓝天》2018年,第90届奥斯卡金像奖选出了最佳影片——《水形物语》,影片讲述了人与水中生物的一段奇缘。人类对海洋的向往,从古至今,颇有几分愈演愈烈的趋势。古希腊神话中海神波塞冬掌握着海洋的力量,北欧神话中的尼约     

初踏澳洲 荆棘鸟的故乡

<正>绿色海岸如果要用颜色来形容澳大利亚,在我爱人心中,澳洲是绿色的,而在我的脑海里,澳洲是个黄颜色的大陆,这种印象源于电影《荆棘鸟》对我的影响。其实我们两人都没错,沿海的澳洲就是绿色的,令人心旷神怡的翠绿。前一晚我们在寻找住宿的路上先看到了水库保护区的牌子,而且觉得周围生境也不错,原想在这附近找住处,但没能如愿。尽管如此,我们一早还是赶到了这里。在我们停车的住宅区里的花丛中,垂蜜鸟与澳蜜鸟来回穿梭。     

千里寻蝶 捕捉如梦如幻的对称之美

<正>拍摄蝴蝶"对称"之美,是蝴蝶摄影中的一种挑战。一是机会可遇不可求,"蜂团蝶阵乱纷纷",当你与群蝶相遇,它们如天女散花般毫无秩序,又似小河流水一样,形成一种动态的"彩流",常常让你望蝶兴叹,不拍则失去良机,而选择拍摄又仅仅是一种简单的影像记录,难以展现蝴蝶的美、张扬和摄影者的艺术表现力;二是瞬间难把握,当你看到两只     

清代太妃太嫔的尊封研究

清代对太妃太嫔等女性的尊封起于顺治九年,此后经历由择位尊封向普遍尊封,由加封号向晋位次的两个转变,逐步形成的尊封办法与仪制,遵循又丰富了清代后宫尊封制度。按惯例,太妃太嫔随居皇太后宫,然自咸丰朝新辟寿安宫作皇祖辈后宫居所,至同治朝,皇太后等前朝后宫移居同一区域的惯例不复存在。太妃太嫔得到后世皇帝的有序尊封,是清代维护皇权统治的重要手段,对后宫女性及其家族具有重要意义。