论骑士制度的繁荣期

骑士制度的繁荣时期出现在11世纪末至13世纪初,其主要原因是,骑士制度的经济基础——庄园经济的繁荣期、骑士阶层的力量象征——封建城堡的大量出现期以及骑士制度三原则的最终融合期均在该时间段内。13世纪中后期以降,西欧经济、政治、军事、社会及科技等诸多方面的变化使骑士制度从其繁荣期滑落下来。     

Golden Age for Mountaineering in Tibet

High peaks in Tibet are an irresistible lure for the world's bestmountaineers, as well asincreasing cumbers of tourists. This inturn produced good benefits for theregion.Since the end of the 1980s,explained Gao Moxing, Secretary General of the Tibet Association of Moun taineerjng, Tibet has opened 46 peaksto foreign climbers. Thus far, some10,000 people from 40-odd countrieshave come on climbing expeditions, producing an income totaling 120 millionYuan.The mountaineering assosiationpaid S…     

Heretics and inquisitors: The case of Auriac and Cambiac

Confessions to inquisitors in 1243–1246 revealed incidents which had troubled rural areas of Languedoc in immediately preceding years. Such was the case in two small villages, Auriac and Cambiac. Although the depositions are often wanting in detail, they do disclose the capture of some heretical women in Auriac, one group seized with the connivance of their host, also the frustration of an attempt by a captive to dispose of property she had left behind. When a heretical deacon was captured, funds to bribe the count's bailiff and his assistant were raised throughout the region. In Cambiac, a woman who intensely disliked the Cathars cooperated with a priest in foiling attempts to aid them. When she threatened to expose her neighbors' heretical sympathies she was cowed into silence but the priest's statement to the inquisitors led to a special investigation which forced several persons to retract the lies they had formerly told. Such events, not unusual at the time, disclose the turmoil and tension produced by the vigorous pursuit of heretics just before the middle of the thirteenth century.