东汉“水银沁”铜镜表面处理技术研究

中国古代所谓“水银沁”铜镜, 表面白亮,反光性能良好,抗氧化腐蚀性能优良,历经千百年仍光可鉴人者不在少数。自铜镜被玻璃镜取代之后,这项延续2000多年的传统金属工艺即告失传。课题组运用现代科学仪器,对东汉“水银沁”镜残片由表及里进行了     

传统金属工艺拾粹

我国传统金属工艺在传统工艺中占有重要的地位。它具有悠久的历史,并以其技艺的独特与精湛著称于世。本文系就“水银沁”铜镜表面处理技术、花纹钢及王麻子、张小泉刀剪这三种传统工艺作一简介。一、“水银沁”铜镜表面处理技术在我国古铜镜中,有一些历经一、二千     

成都市博物院几件院藏青铜兵器的分析研究

为了解巴蜀青铜兵器的制作技术及表面斑纹形成机理,采用金相显微镜分析,扫描电镜及能谱仪对成都市博物院的几件带斑纹的馆藏青铜兵器进行了分析。结果表明,两件截面样品均为青铜铸造组织,锡含量平均为11％。三件器物表面斑纹层均含锡和铜并具有一定抗氧化作用。斑纹工艺可分为二类：剑周99-1极可能为直接铸出凸凹不平的剑体,在凸起部位涂高锡合金膏剂,加热处理后得到。另一类可能先直接铸出金属基体,在欲成斑处涂抹合金膏剂或纯锡,加热处理打磨得到。分析结果可为深入研究巴蜀青铜兵器提供参考。     

天马—曲村周代晋国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究

采用等离子体发射光谱 (ICP)、扫描电镜 (SEM)、 X射线电子能谱 (EDAX)、 X射线荧光光谱 (XRF)、金相显微分析等多种理化分析测试手段对天马——曲村周代晋国墓地出土的青铜残片的结构、成分进行了分析检测,比较了合金基体与表面层的成分变化以及表面的结构形貌,并探讨了造成锈蚀的因素以及具有特殊表面层的器物保存较好的原因。结果表明高锡相优先被腐蚀,沿晶界形成腐蚀通道。氯离子可穿过腐蚀层向基体延伸。自然腐蚀导致表面层富集锡、铅、硅、铁。表面富锡和具有各种标准自由能较低的氧化物使得带有特殊表面层的器物保存较好。     

富锡层严重氧化青铜镜的修复技术研究——浙江省博物馆藏汉神人画像镜的修复保护

应用现代全谱等离子体发射光谱分析和X-射线衍射分析方法对严重破损的馆藏神人画像镜基体和锈层进行元素与化合物组成分析,对表层富锡的成因作出推测,并在对各种修复工艺的适用性进行研究分析的前提下,针对汉青铜神人画像镜表面富锡区严重氧化的状况,研究了修复保护的基本工艺:传统的软钎焊工艺由于含氯焊剂的原因会给铜镜导入氯离子,给其安全保存留下隐患:有机复合物焊剂虽可避免氯离子的危害,但对于缺少金属核心的SnO2区焊接强度难以保证,且铜镜残片的矫正复位也非常困难。采用耐候性好的高分子聚合物作为粘结、加固和封护材料,结合连接、矫正、补配等修复技术,较好地解决了该铜镜的修复问题。选用高度稳定的氟碳树脂RMF,应用减压工艺对铜镜进行封护保护,使铜镜基质处于与环境隔绝状态,达到长期稳定保存,为处理青铜器修复中的同类问题提供了一套有效的修复保护技术。     

天马—曲村周代晋国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究

采用等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDAX)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、金相显微分析等多种理化分析测试手段对天马一曲村周代晋国墓地出土的青铜残片的结构、成分进行了分析检测,比较了合金基体与表面层的成分变化以及表面的结构形貌,并探讨了造成锈蚀的因素以及具有特殊表面层的器物保存较好的原因。结果表明高锡相优先被腐蚀,沿晶界形成腐蚀通道。氯离子可穿过腐蚀层向基体延伸。自然腐蚀导致表面层富集锡、铅、硅、铁。表面富锡和具有各种标准自由能较低的氧化物使得带有特殊表面层的器物保存较好。     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

越王勾践剑菱形纹饰技术再讨论——与董亚巍、周卫荣、王昌燧先生商榷兼谈科技考古方法问题

本文简介了已完成科学检测与模拟试验的东周青铜剑菱形暗格纹的成分、组织与形成工艺,认为金属膏剂涂层加热扩散工艺是东周时期唯一的、完全可能实现的、使青铜表面富锡和细晶化的表面装饰工艺;认为菱形纹饰呈黑色是特定埋藏条件下形成的;解释了越王勾践剑未见铭文错金的原因。并就此与董亚巍、周卫荣、王昌燧等先生进行商榷。     

唐四云凤龟钮铜镜腐蚀现象的分析研究

本文以江西樟树出土唐四云凤龟钮铜镜为研究对象,应用扫描电镜对铜镜进行微区形貌观察、元素成分分析和断面线扫描元素分布成分分析,发现铜镜表面漆古层含锡、氧量较高,含铜量较低,镜面和镜背元素成分相差不大,镜面和镜背漆古层中均检测出汞元素。根据分析检测数据,我们认为此铜镜在制作过程中对镜表面处理采用了锡汞齐技术。     

中国青铜器表面镀锡技术研究

为探讨中国古代青铜器表面镀锡技术,利用矿相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱分析仪和X射线晶体衍射分析等方法,对我国北方青铜文化地区、古代巴蜀地区与古滇地区出土的春秋战国至西汉初(公元前5～前2世纪)47件青铜器表而镀锡层进行观察、成分及结构分析.结果显示,青铜器表而存在厚度不等的镀锡层,具有铸态组织,有明显热镀迹象.镀锡层成分为高锡的铜锡合金,主要物相组成有金属间化合物Cu41Sn11等铜锡合金相和SnO2.结合实验室模拟热镀锡实验,初步认为古代青铜器表而镀锡层是采用热镀锡方法形成的,工艺可以有热浸、热涂等多种.通过比较宁夏固原、四川巴蜀地区和云南青铜器表面镀锡层的厚度、组织和结构,发现三者之间存在一定差异,表明在镀锡工艺上可能有所不同,还从工艺角度对古代镀锡技术在中国的起始应用和传播进行了初步探索.     

SEM and electrochemical characterization of bronze artifacts from the Francavilla archaeological site

The excavations in the necropolis of the Francavilla Marittima archaeological area, in Calabria, have brought to light the rich burial artifacts and materials, dated between the end of the ninth and sixth centuries BCE. SEM/EDS analysis was conducted on some sections taken from a bronze artifact classifiable as an armilla or fibula fragment. Our aim was to elucidate the nature of the corrosion processes acting on the specimen. SEM investigation detected the segregation of tin towards the outer layer and a depletion of the copper content in the same region. Furthermore, the elemental distribution maps of the sections analyzed evidenced the presence of chloride ions in the border area between the corrosion patina and the metal alloy. Such anion migration of chloride ions into the interior of the alloy leads to a particular variant of the type of corrosion of structure that in the literature has been identified as structure I.A cavity electrode designed for electrochemical measurements of powders was used to perform cyclic voltammetry experiments devoted to explore the activity of the patina covering the surface of the bronze fragment. The surface layer consists mainly of tin and tin oxides; the layer immediately beneath it contains copper oxides. An increase of reactivity was shown in an acidic environment. The activity of the patina is greatly reduced at pH 5 and appears to be zero at neutral pH.     

巴蜀带斑纹兵器的锈蚀产物分析及机理探讨

带斑纹兵器是巴蜀兵器的一大特色。由于表面有斑纹的青铜兵器锈蚀与一般青铜器锈蚀有所不同,必须针对其特殊性进行锈蚀机理的研究,才能对症下药,达到有效保护的目的。应用矿相分析、SEM EDS、XRD等分析手段对几件巴蜀带斑纹兵器表面与截面锈蚀产物进行分析,并与非斑纹锈蚀进行比较;对斑纹与非斑纹的锈蚀机理进行探讨。分析结果表明,斑纹的锈蚀产物主要是SnO2,其在兵器斑纹表面形成钝性保护膜,防止其进一步腐蚀,对斑纹下面的基体有一定的保护作用。非斑纹层锈蚀向斑纹层下面的基体扩展,膨胀是造成斑纹层凸起甚至脱落的主要原因,对斑纹兵器保护的关键是控制非斑纹层锈蚀的进一步发展。     

周原遗址及鱼国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究

运用等离子体发射光谱（ＩＣＰ）、Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）、Ｘ射线电子能谱 （ＥＤＡＸ）、金相分析等现代仪器,对从周原遗址及宝鸡国墓地所采集的青铜残片的成分、结构进行 了剖析,比较了合金基体与表面层的成分变化及表面的结构形态。结果表明腐蚀呈现明显电化学特 性,有选择性腐蚀,高锡相优先被腐蚀,在完全矿化层与合金基体之间形成部分腐蚀区的过渡层。因 自然腐蚀导致表面层富集Ｓｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｉ、Ｆｅ。氯离子可穿过腐蚀层沉积于表面层并向基体延伸。     

论"大跃进"战略的形成

1957年批判"反冒进",形成了所谓"积极平衡"的理论、生产建设中浮夸风的政治气候和行政运行上的互动机制。在毛泽东看来,要加快中国经济的发展速度,资金和物资的缺口可以依赖发动群众实现"积极平衡"。发动群众,其思想渊源与当年"大生产运动"有着密切联系,在经济上的涵义是充分利用中国丰富的劳动力资源。于是,在中国,"以苏为鉴"、"走自己的路"就意味着:通过充分利用劳动力资源,既试图加快重工业的发展,又试图在较少资金投入下加快农业和轻工业的发展;工业的发展实行"两条腿走路"。在此路径下,"人定胜天"的观念与浮夸风两者相互作用,终于形成了"大跃进"战略。     

明代铜镜科学考察

通过对部分明代铜镜的科学分析,了解到明代也使用过与战国汉唐成分相近的合金来铸镜;除了锡汞齐外,此时还使用了铅汞齐和铅锡汞齐来开镜或磨镜。     

Technological investigation of the decorative coatings on Yangshao pottery from Henan,China

Yangshao pottery sherds dated to c. 4200 bc from two archaeological sites in Henan province, China, were examined to determine the technological aspects of their decoration. The selected samples comprised plain and painted pottery, some of which have a white background slip and black or red decoration on the surface. Various analytical techniques including SEM/EDS, XRD and FTIR were applied in the study. Observations show that some pieces were wheel‐thrown. The refinement of the body fabric varies. Surface finishing includes simple burnishing, slipping and brushing. The black decoration on the surface is manganese black. The white background layer is kaolinitic clay slip. No organic binders or decorations were detected. The results of these analyses will help our understanding of the production steps involved in the craft production of Yangshao pottery.     

Late horizon silver,copper, and tin from Machu Picchu,Peru

Analyses of silver–copper alloy artifacts from Machu Picchu show silver contents ranging from 24 to 81%. The tin present, ranging up to 3%, originated with the copper, perhaps from admixture of recycled bronze. The presence of 0.4–0.9% lead in the silver-rich phase indicates use of silver prepared by cupellation. All the objects had been forged after casting, some extensively. All have surface enhancement of the silver arising from depletion of the copper-rich phase. Some of the tin found at the site contains inclusions of hardhead (FeSn₂) and of a nickel–arsenic–copper compound. Forming trials with duplicate silver–copper alloys show that intermediate anneals at temperatures between 500 and 600 °C facilitate making thin sheet artifacts. Mechanical tests show that the most commonly used alloys, containing 25–30% silver, are particularly well adapted to forging because of their uniform work hardening during plastic deformation. Annealing of the laboratory-made alloys in air followed by boiling in salty weak acid creates a silver-rich surface layer comparable to that found in the artifacts. Depletion forms a dense silver surface on the alloy containing more silver than the eutectic composition, but a porous surface layer on the 25% silver alloys.     

IDENTIFICATION OF FORGERIES BY MEASURING TIN ISOTOPES IN CORRODED BRONZE OBJECTS*

The reliable identification of fakes consisting of bronze often presents problems, because traditional methods such as stylistic studies, optical microscopy, chemical analysis or X‐ray diffraction of the corrosion may not be conclusive. We present a method that is based on the comparison of the tin isotope ratios ¹²²Sn/¹¹⁶Sn and ¹¹⁷Sn/¹¹⁹Sn in the metal and in the adherent corrosion layer. An artificial patina is usually generated within a short time period. It has been observed that such a procedure leads to a depletion of the light tin isotopes in the corrosion layer, while in naturally corroded authentic archaeological objects no isotopic fractionation has been detected. The method has also been applied to archaeological objects and it could be confirmed, among other examples, that the famous ‘Sky Disc of Nebra’ is authentic.     

Tin‐Rich Surface Decoration of Chinese Bronzes: A Case Study of the British Museum Collection

In this paper six bronze artefacts of the Eastern Zhou period to Han dynasty (770 BC ‐ 220 AD) with tin‐rich surface decoration in the British Museum collection were studied using a variety of analytical techniques. The decoration patterns include trellis patterns (菱形纹) on two swords of the Yue state, tiger's striped patterns (hu‐ban‐wen, 虎斑纹) on two swords from the Ba‐Shu region, a hexagonal star pattern (六角星纹) on a spearhead of the Wu state, and a cloud‐like pattern on a garment hook. The tin‐rich decorations on those objects were produced by deliberate tinning processes; at least three different tinning techniques were used, including the use of tin‐rich pastes for the trellis pattern of a Yue state sword and for the mottling decoration on the Ba‐Shu swords, amalgam tinning for the hexagonal star pattern on the spearhead of the Yue state, and hot tinning for the cloud‐like pattern of the garment hook. Different tinning techniques could have been applied to produce similar tin‐rich decoration patterns, and vice versa, a single tinning technique could have been used to produce different tin‐rich patterns on different objects.     

“翰林”、“盈”字款白瓷研究

本文在前人研究的基础上,通过对传世及出土文物进行梳理及查阅古文献资料,对“翰林”、“盈”字款白瓷的年代、产地及涵义等问题进行了探讨。“翰林”、“盈”字与唐代宫廷设置的翰林院及大盈库(百宝大盈库)有关,署这两种款识的白瓷是唐代邢窑专门为宫廷烧造的贡品,其年代当在开元以后,唐朝灭亡后不复烧造。其烧造地点在今河北省内丘县城关一带。“翰林”、“盈”字款白瓷是研究唐代邢窑生产性质及唐代社会政治、经济的重要实物资料。