“方德让家”:从旌德方氏看明清皖南宗族的家史编纂

毗邻徽州的宁国府旌德县方氏宗族,在明代以降的数百年间,随着自身实力的发展和社会环境之变化,激发了追求地方影响力的强烈愿望。通过编撰家史,他们将地方名人方元荡奉为始迁祖,创造出与旌德县名相关的"方德让家"传说。此举巩固了地方精英对方氏宗族的支持,得到地方社会的认可,官方志书还纳入其家史。这些都使方氏在地方社会主导权的竞争中赢得了绝对优势的地位。本文通过分析旌德方氏塑造谱系和宗族形象的动态历程,揭橥其背后蕴含的地域文化传统,有助于理解明清宗族世系塑造与皖南社会变迁的内在关系。     

明代徽州宗族精英与祠堂制度的形成

明代徽州祠堂大规模地兴起,宗族精英在其中发挥了重要作用。明代徽州祠堂制度的形成是祠堂制度的变革与创新过程,它突破了古典宗法制以及朱子《家礼》的束缚,包容和反映明代中期前后的社会分化和亲属关系的演变,从而吸引宗族精英主导祠堂建设,推动了明代徽州祠堂及宗族组织的兴起。     

明代徽州的宗族乡约化

徽州是聚族而居宗族发达的地区,明代中叶徽州的个别宗族尝试制定族规、设立族长而组织化,嘉靖时期随着明朝大力推行乡约,徽州地方官要求宗族设立乡约,不少宗族的绅士与首领也在宗族内部贯彻乡的,设立约正,制定族规,宗族被组织化。宗族组织化的实质是宗族乡的化,对基层社会的影响重大,而且加强了宗族与官府的互动关系。明代的宗族乡约化,也是以宋儒重建乡里社会秩序、移风易俗的主张深入基层社会为历史背景的。     

清代徽州宗族对人才培养的重视及其影响

清代徽州,教育发达,文化繁荣,商业兴旺,经济昌盛,是社会和谐稳定、经济发达繁荣的一个典型地区。这一现象的出现,原因很多,也很复杂,但最关键的一个因素,就是徽州地区有上千年的文化教育传统,从宗族内部到社会各界,都把发展教育和人才培养,放在非常重要的地位去认识,善于从制度、管理和投入上重视人才培养。徽州宗族注重人才培养,源于振兴宗族、立身社会、光宗耀祖的目的,但在实际过程中,收到了益于自身、功在宗族、惠及社会、利被后世的作用。清代徽州在人才培养与使用方面取得的成功经验,值得学界研究与思考。     

晚清徽州吏治败坏及其成因研究——以《裕课清累全案》为中心

同治年间休宁粮差大案是晚清时期徽州吏治败坏的集中体现。此案中差役操纵勒索情形极为严重,对百姓危害巨大。官府腐败无能,长时间内无力解决差役危害,死灰复燃、愈演愈烈成为常态。此种局面的形成与清代胥吏制度有密切关系,而晚清徽州宗族衰落,对胥吏失去钳制能力,也是重要原因。     

明清时期徽州的里书更换与私册流转——基于民间赋役合同文书的考察

徽州民间留存的合同文书,记录了明清赋役史的关键细节,具有重要的史料价值。其中,掌握赋役册籍的里书职役在地方社会的更替情况以及鱼鳞册交易并逐步私册化的过程,通常为传世文献所不载,或语焉不详。透过这些赋役合同可以发现,里书人选存在着由一个大型宗族垄断或若干个小型宗族轮流承担的现象,他们对地方社会的土地交易、税粮推收具有重要影响。万历清丈后编修的鱼鳞册,在官府和民众的推动下成为私册,甚至发生流转,往往被地方宗族势力保管、控制,并在清初的土地清丈中发挥了一定的作用。这些细节表明,在宗族所形成的社会网络中,重要职役的世袭、赋役册籍的私册化与土地资源的控制形成了有机的互动。     

徽州的家族文献与宗族文化--以歙县吴氏《冲山家乘》为中心

徽州家族文献具有丰富的社会内容,修谱以家族文献为依据.家族文献从多方面反映了宗族文化的内涵.南宋以降,精英学者关注宗族文化,把确立始迁祖作为宗族文化构建的基点;保护祖墓与生态伦理观念相关联;聚族而居的村落景观具有独特的文化品质.在徽州,不仅家族精英的文献得以传世,即普通族人的著述亦被录存,反映了社会文化的普及与深入.     

盐法变迁与地方社会的盐政观念--康熙年间赣州盐法所见之市场、考成与盐政关系

与以往研究者较多地从财政、军事、商人、商业以及资本主义等角度解释盐政不同,本文通过对康熙年间江西赣州府盐法变迁的分析,说明基于市场因素的多层次盐区认同与行政性制度因素一起,成为地方社会对王朝盐政制度进行反应的重要依据,其中盐法考成是王朝盐政制度在地方具体运作的一个关键.     

明清徽州宗族对乡村统治的加强

明清徽州宗族对乡村统治的加强陈柯云历史上,宗族制度和宗族思想,对徽州的政治、经济、思想文化、以及社会生活、风俗民情等诸方面都产生过深刻影响,因此对明清徽州宗族社会的真实状况做一深入的探讨,是很必要的。从明中叶到清中叶,是徽州宗族对乡村的统治不断加强的...     

徽州盐商个案研究:《疏文誓章稿》剖析

《疏文誓章稿》是康熙末年歙县盐商余锡与二弟余锺为盐业资产纠纷而写下的稿本,叙述了余氏盐 店康熙年间经营盐业的活动经过,并记下了与安徽省几任巡抚以及湖广总督徐国相的关系,详细列出几十年的 商业账目。本文根据《疏文誓章稿》的相关记载,从余氏盐店与当时地方官府及徽州商帮的关系入手,研究康 熙年间徽州盐商的资本来源、兴衰原因等几个具有普遍意义的问题。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.