美国学术界的赫伯特·胡佛研究

赫伯特·胡佛是美国历史上最具争议性的人物之一。美国学术界对胡佛的研究大致经历了四个时期:20世纪30年代到50年代,关于胡佛的政策和理念,自由派与保守派展开争论;50年代到60年代中期,"新保守主义"和"新左派"对胡佛进行了重新解读;随着60年代末胡佛档案资料的开放,相关研究进入繁荣期;80年代之后,经济新自由主义在美国兴起,学者们对罗斯福之前的共和党时代和胡佛展开了新的思考。     

试论美国新宗教右翼

20世纪下半叶是美国新保守主义崛起和活跃于美国政坛的时期。当代美国新保守主义力量主要由新型保守派（Neo—cons）、新右翼（New Right）和新宗教右翼（New Religious Right）所组成。作为以福音派和基要主义派等宗教组织为主体的当代美国宗教右翼,针对美国日益严重的社会问题和急剧下滑的道德价值观,假借“电子牧师”和“超级教会”等方式,以犹太-基督教传统价值观为基准,动员和组织了数千万福音派和基要主义派教徒,掀起了一场规模相当可观的宗教右翼运动,为美国保守主义的复兴和重返政坛立了大功。探讨当代美国保守主义时,新宗教右翼是一个不可或缺的部分。     

美国70年代的新保守主义

70年代,资本主义世界的经济形势渐趋恶化,各种社会问题日益严重,保守主义思潮在英国、美国、法国等西方国家里应“运”而生。在美国,这股保守主义潮流主要有三个部分,即传统保守主义、新右派和新保守主义。其中,在学术舆论界影响较大的则是新保守主义。70年代初,美国学者就指出,“在政界、在科学院范围内……在现代美国社会上一切有影响的机构里,‘新保守主义’都传播得十分顺利。……在社会科学中,在知识分子刊物上,不少有贡献的人都与新保守主义有关”。1980年,在新保守主义和其他保守势力的支持下,共和党极端保守派代表罗纳德·里根又以压倒优势击败民主党在职总统吉米·卡特,当选为美国第40任总统,致使美国政治迅速右倾。因此,有人预言,“总有一天,新保守主义会成为美国的统治思想。”     

20世纪40至60年代美国的"红色恐慌"与保守主义的发展

20世纪40至60年代的“红色恐慌”对美国保守主义的发展起了巨大作用,成功地促进它打破了旧原则的束缚和自由主义在美国社会中的统治地位。但是,它却无法建立一套新的保守主义政治纲领,这导致了它在保守主义发展中的影响逐步衰退。     

自由主义和保守主义政治思潮及其对美国两党政治的影响

自由主义与保守主义是美国最重要的两个政治思潮。现代自由主义与新保守主义作为当下主流的自由、保守主义更是对美国社会产生了重大的影响。民主党具有现代自由主义的倾向,共和党有新保守主义的倾向。现代自由主义与新保守主义在经济、社会、外交等政策领域对两党产生了重要的作用。两种政治思潮相互交锋,某种程度上又在相互借鉴、相互融合,是未来美国政治思潮的发展趋势。     

20世纪六七十年代美国的新右派运动初探

新右派也被称为“新右派联盟”或“极端保守主义右派”,是20世纪六七十年代出现在美国社会上的一支重要力量,它以保守主义知识分子为核心, 中产阶级和蓝领工人为主体,以“新生命,亲家庭,亲社会,亲美国”为基本政策,在对老右派发展的基础上,逐渐成为美国政坛的一匹黑马。新右派不仅对六七十六代的美国社会作出了贡献,对此后美国的政治,经济,化等诸方面也产生了深远的影响。但由于传统社会学家和史学家对其重视不够,因此,中国史学界对于新右派的论几近空白,所留遗案颇多,针对这种现象,配方结合时代背景,力图较为全面地恢复新右派的历史面目。     

美国20世纪末的一场文化战争：保守派与进步派的较量

20世纪90年代初,美国保守派与进步派就美国的新生活方式及其背后的文化价值观展开了一场激烈的论战,舆论称之为“文化战争”。从表面看来,这场争论围绕当时困扰美国的众多社会问题和文化价值观展开,但从本质上讲,这是一场如何确定美利坚民族特性及其价值体系的争斗,是一场确定谁掌握话语权、谁规划美国未来发展方向的政治较量。保守派坚持以犹太教一基督教为主体的信仰体系、以盎格鲁一撒克逊白人新教为核心的道德体系,以西方经典文明为根基的文化体系。进步派认为,在宗教、民族和文化日益多元化的当代美国,保守派的观点不仅与时代格格不入,而且成了一种阻碍美国社会进步的落后力量。     

现代英国保守主义的嬗变

作为一种意识形态,保守主义诞生于柏克对法国大革命的反思。自19世纪初以来,英国保守党在思想和政策上发生了几次重大的转变。皮尔为保守党确立了基本原则,狄斯雷利则推行托利民主,为现代保守主义增添了新的内容。二战后的新形势使保守党左翼进一步加大了国家对社会经济生活的干预,而撒切尔主义则回到狄斯雷利以前的保守主义。保守党在意识形态上的这种灵活性是其能够一直延续至今的一个重要原因。     

试析英美保守主义的异同

英美保守主义具有同源性,都维护传统,坚持宪政,反对极端主义,与自由主义共同构成其社会的主流意识形态。但二战后情况有所变化,美国保守主义者反对新政以来的自由主义,具有越来越明显的极端主义倾向,并自20世纪80年代开始左右着美国的对外政策,给世界带来了某种不稳定因素。     

论美国司法中的恶劣倾向原则

20世纪二三十年代,美国言论自由基本受到压制。联邦最高法院在审理言论自由诉讼案时,适用以司法保守主义为基础的恶劣倾向原则,美国人民的言论自由范围非常狭窄。     

Displaced Masculinity: Gender and Ethnicity among Iranian men in Sweden

Masculinity, like other kinds of social identity, is an ongoing construction in a dialogue between one's self-image and others' perceptions of one. The interplay between ethnicity and masculinity is a main theme in this article. Due to geographical displacement, the Iranian man's masculine identity has been challenged and renegotiated on the one hand by Iranian women's struggle for emancipation and on the other hand by the Swedish mediawork. Iranian men are displaced from the position of having a powerful gaze, which fixed and controlled women into a position of being an object of the gaze of others. The dominant gaze in Sweden makes them (in)visible in the same way their gaze makes women (in)visible in Iran.     

Defiant Retreat： The Relocation of Middle Schools to China＇s Interior, 1937-1945

This study focuses on the migration of middle school students to the interior of China after the Japanese invaded in 1937. It argues that the Guomindang （GMD） central government was generally successful in handling the 500,000 displaced students, making substantial efforts to monitor, register, educate, and provide training for them, as well as establishing government-run ＂national middle schools＂ during the war. Meanwhile, the GMD also exerted a strong influence on course curriculum, instructing educators how to implement the Three People＇s Principles and other party doctrines in classrooms. These processes expanded the state＇s hand in secondary education and allowed the GMD to include refugee students and schools in its wartime narrative of progress, praising the students＇ patriotic participation in defying the Japanese occupiers and their contribution to ＂national reconstruction＂ （jianguo）. However, there were still many challenges. Refugee students, teachers, and principals forcibly converted Buddhist temples into schools and clashed with local monks, farmers, villagers, and even the GMD military. With schools merging and moving inland, relocation also provided opportunities for unscrupulous administrators and teachers to exploit the situation for themselves, as government reports reveal many cases of corruption in the wartime schools.     

'Is he still alive, or long since dead?': Loss, Absence and Remembrance in Nuremberg, 1945-1956

This article uses the search for the ‘missing’ Wehrmachtsoldiers in the 1950s as a prism through which to explore theways in which we might insert the notion of trauma into ourunderstanding of West Germany's status as a postwar society.In seeking to point out the connections between the ways inwhich ‘ordinary Germans’ suffered during and afterthe war on the one hand, and the inability of post-war WestGerman society to ‘confront’ the crimes of the paston the other, it argues that the traumatizing impact of warhas to be considered alongside the ideological and politicalnecessities of the Cold War and reconstruction if we are tounderstand why West German society failed to place the Holocaustat the centre of its memorial culture in the immediate post-waryears. Moreover, in pointing to the Lutheran church as a keysite of memorial politics in the post-war era, it argues forthe integration of a study of religious narratives, mentalitiesand discourses into an understanding of the evolution of thecommemorative practices of the 1950s which has hitherto beenshaped by an excessively one-sided focus on secular sites andnarratives.     

The Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction in 1940s Britain

German air-raids during the early days of the Second World Wardestroyed a number of cities in Britain. At the same time, somecontemporaries regarded such destruction as an opportunity notonly for the reconstruction of the built environment but alsofor the creation of a fairer society. The replanning of theblitzed areas became a symbol of the aspiration to build a NewJerusalem. This article examines the fate of radical town planning ideasin the 1940s and the early 1950s with particular reference tothe rebuilding of heavily bombed cities. It analyses the visionswhich inspired reconstruction plans, examines their conceptionand studies the visionaries, both ordinary citizens and thepolitical elite. The process of postwar reconstruction in general has becomea much-debated subject in political, economic and social historyin recent years, but there has been a serious lack of detailedexamination of postwar urban replanning and redevelopment. Thisarticle, therefore, also considers how the rebuilding of war-damagedcities should be evaluated in the light of the contemporarypolitical, economic, and social realities and issues duringthe period of postwar reconstruction. ^* I am most grateful to Dr. Nick Tiratsoo and Ms Hannah Pandianfor their comments and encouragements during the preparationof this article. I am also thankful to the editors and the refereefor their comments and suggestions. References starting CABand HLG relate to files in the Public Record Office, London.     

Reassessing the diet of Upper Palaeolithic humans from Gough's Cave and Sun Hole,Cheddar Gorge,Somerset, UK

Richards et al. (2000) reconstructed the diet of the human remains found in Gough's and Sun Hole Cave through isotope analysis. They concluded that these people consumed an entirely terrestrial-based diet. Their reconstruction was based upon comparison of the results from human bones with those from a very small number of associated animals. The diets of the Gough's and Sun Hole Cave human were different from the other six Upper Palaeolithic humans from the British Isles for which dietary information has been obtained through isotope analysis. The work of Richards et al. (2000) suggests that they were the only ones for whom marine or freshwater resources did not play a significant role in their diets. We test this through further analyses of faunal remains from Gough's Cave, Sun Hole and other contemporary sites (Kent's Cavern, Aveline's Hole, Kendrick's Cave). Despite the limited faunal sample, the original palaeodietary reconstruction is broadly consistent with our findings. The isotope values of the main protein sources consumed by the humans from both sites are consistent with those of red deer and bovines, and, for a single individual, with that of horse and red deer. Reindeer was postulated in the original reconstruction as a potential food source, but this seems very unlikely based on our isotope reconstruction and the archaeological remains.     

Reconstructed nationalism in Taiwan: a politicised and economically driven identity

Since the late 1980s, Taiwan has been engulfed in waves of both democratisation and integration with mainland China. These two waves have pulled identity reconstruction in Taiwan in two different directions. In the process of democratisation, a shift to a majoritarian system encouraged a Taiwanese renaissance on the political platform and consequently led to the deconstruction of Chinese identity. On the other hand, in the 1990s, with the high mobility of capital and people across the Taiwan Strait, close economic ties could have put the brakes on Taiwan independence movements. Hence, this paper uses random coefficient models to explore how the democratic transition and increasing cross‐strait relations brought about psychological and structural mechanisms that motivated people to opt for identity change in Taiwan. It also attempts to investigate how people dealt with the dissonance between rising Taiwanese nationalism and the economic interests that deterred a radical Taiwanese identity.     

Gender,Legend, and the Icelandic Countryside in the Long Nineteenth Century: Re-Engaging the Archives as a Means of Giving Voice to the Women of the Past

This article addresses the way in which, in spite of their accepted drawbacks (which often include an over-emphasis on male informants), folklore archives can be used to reconstruct the oral traditions of women from earlier times, especially when used in combination with other archival sources that are increasingly becoming available online. In Iceland, the recorded interviews by the folklore collector Hallfreður Örn Eiríksson in the 1960s and 1970s have proven to be a particularly useful source for engaging with the reconstruction of women’s narrative traditions in Iceland. These interviews not only provide us with women’s narratives told in their own voices, but also yield a wide range of additional information about the context of women’s storytelling within the rural society of previous centuries.     

UNESCO’s project to ‘Revive the Spirit of Mosul’: Iraqi and Syrian opinion on heritage reconstruction after the Islamic State

ABSTRACT

Following the devastation of the northern Iraqi city of Mosul by the Islamic State (IS), UNESCO launched a project to ‘Revive the Spirit of Mosul’. This article critically reflects on this UNESCO-led project, drawing on 47 interviews with Syrians and Iraqis, as well as documenting the implications of UNESCO’s efforts in earlier (post-)conflict heritage reconstruction projects in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Mali. Specifically, this article focuses on two sites in Mosul, both deliberately destroyed by the IS and both nominated by UNESCO for reconstruction. The data analysed reveal that heritage reconstruction projects, especially in complex (post-)conflict environments such as Iraq, requires ongoing, nuanced and careful engagement with local populations to succeed. Failure to do so leaves both local people and their heritage sites vulnerable to renewed attacks and therefore ultimately undermines UNESCO’s broader mission to foster peace.     

The British government,child welfare,and child migration to Australia after 1945

In 1943, the British Colonial Office initiated a far-reaching process of arrangements to prepare plans for detailed reconstruction in the territories subject to British control. Reconstruction as a concept, a tendency and an action plan was basically directed at building and constructing that which had been destroyed in the war, based on a plan thought out in advance. This article explores the struggle between the British plan for the reconstruction of Mandatory Palestine and the Jewish interpretation that the main aim of their steps is to implement the White Paper policy of May 1939. After six months of confrontation, the British intention to promote economic steps while presenting them as separate from the political tension over Palestine's political future and the Jewish-Arab confrontation proved to be a false assumption.     

‘I'd do it for love or for money’: Vietnamese women in Taiwan and the social construction of female migrant sexuality

Drawing on an ethnographic research in Vietnam and Taiwan, this article seeks to contribute to the global scholarship on migration and sexuality. It reveals interesting contradictions between the seemingly homogeneous stereotypes of Vietnamese women's sexuality, on the one hand, and the multiplicity and fluidity of actual sexual practices in real-life contexts, on the other hand. First, the presence of a number of chaste migrant women in our study challenges the common stereotype of female migrants as hypersexual and promiscuous menaces on the loose. Second, we question the emphasis on women's material greed and instrumentalism in normative discourses about Vietnamese women's engagement in extramarital relationship. While for some women in our research, sexual liaisons outside marriage are indeed orchestrated for financial gains, for others, extramarital sex is principally sought as a form of self-actualisation or an exploration of sexual pleasure and freedom that is absent from their marriage. The article emphasises the highly contextual nature of sexual norms and practices as well as the intersectionality of race, class and gender in the social construction of female sexuality in the context of transnational labour migration.