NATIONALISM IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE

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MEDIEVAL LEAD GLASS IN CENTRAL EUROPE

In Trommsdorfstraße, Erfurt, a glass‐processing workshop has been excavated, which produced lead glass rings and beads in the 13th century. This workshop produced two different lead glasses. The first, a high‐lead glass, could be found throughout Europe, from England to Russia. However, another newly defined type of glass could be identified (Central European lead–ash glass). This can be demonstrated by analysing the literature, and it has been found in eastern Germany, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. A Slavic lead–ash glass with the same ash content as the Central European lead–ash glass but lower amounts of lead was produced in Eastern Europe. In western Germany, another type of ash (beech ash) was used to produce a wood‐ash lead glass. Lead‐isotope analysis proved that the same source of lead was used for the wood‐ash lead glass and the high‐lead glass in western Germany and the two types of glass from Erfurt.     

THE EMERGENCE OF STRATIGRAPHIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

In Italian classical archaeology, the definitive adoption of the stratigraphic excavation method occurred later than in other European countries. This methodological shift took place in Italy in the 1970s. We aim to scrutinize some points of the established historiographical reconstruction. We focus on three scholars regarded as “key figures” in the birth of Italian stratigraphic archaeology, yet all of the first half of the twentieth century, Giacomo Boni, Nino Lamboglia, and Luigi Bernabò Brea. We examine the origin of their stratigraphic approach and thus their relationship with prehistoric research. This is also an opportunity to reflect upon the conceptual and methodological transfer from one type of archaeology to another. In general, through comparison of these scholars, we aim to highlight some key factors in the establishment of a stratigraphic method in the history of archaeology.     

CELTIC SHRINES IN CENTRAL EUROPE: A SCEPTICAL APPROACH

Summary: This paper deals with the archaeological manifestations of religious activities of the Central European Celts. Until recently, the rectangular enclosures in Central Europe ('Viereckschanzen') were considered solely as sanctuaries, though present evidence allows other interpretations of the function of these sites as well. the criteria for recognizing the wooden structures situated inside the enclosed areas as shrines are far from being unambiguous and in some cases a profane, i.e. non-religious purpose may be presumed. the questions put forward here were prompted by the find of an unusual structure in the enclosure of MšeckéŽehrovice in Bohemia.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DRESSEL 1 AMPHORAE IN NORTHWEST EUROPE

The dating and distribution of the trade in Italian wine to northwest Europe in the last two centuries BC is discussed. The previously recorded Atlantic emphasis is shown to be a product of differential research; many new finds in north-eastern France, the Benelux countries, Germany and Switzerland are documented but finds are absent from 'Germanic' areas. The trade may start in the later second century BC, and around the middle of the first century BC there appears to be an increase in the availability of wine in non-maritime Gaul and eastern England, possibly at the expense of the Atlantic routes. The debut of the trade in Spanish wine to north-west Europe is discussed. Attention is briefly drawn to the importance of the revised distribution both to cross-Channel links between Belgic Gaul and Britain and to the difference between 'Celts' and 'germans' and the idea of a 'Nordwestblock'.     

ISSUES IN THE REGIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRY IN THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE

A hierarchy of industrial areas in Eastern Europe is described, consisting of 40 industrial regions, about 200 industrial nodes, and numerous industrial centers and ordinary industrial places. Evidence of the formation of a higher-ranking industrial macroregion covering the border area of East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia is adduced. Six other entities of industrial macroregion rank are identified in the rest of Europe (including the European USSR east to the Urals).     

THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE IN CELTIC NORTH WEST EUROPE

Summary. J. T. Smith's suggestion that many villas in north west Europe were owned and occupied by more than one household is examined statistically and found to be unsupported by architectural evidence. Possible social explanations for this are examined, with particular reference to Hingley's social interpretation of the upper Thames region.