汉陶俑彩绘颜料表面特征分析

利用色度仪、反射密度计和显微分析技术,对汉代陶俑彩绘颜料进行了综合研究。测定了各种颜料层的色度、密度和颜料表相的显微结构信息,获得各种颜料的色度分布范围,表征出彩绘颜料层的密度和风化状况,关联分析了颜料密度与颜料特征之间的关系,构建了球体色度容差评估模型,为颜料层表面的色泽评价提供定量化评价,为陶俑彩绘颜料保存时间尺度的评估提供分析数据,为陶俑彩绘的科学保护提供科学依据。     

汉阳陵文物彩绘的结构观察及颜料成分分析

汉阳陵彩绘文物多种多样,出土时有些保存状态良好,受环境影响较小,而有些则相反。为了弄清其内部结构原因,为文物保护提供科学依据,通过显微镜观察、X-衍射分析并结合相关文献对4类彩绘文物进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)著衣式陶俑彩绘只有一层颜料层;陶器和木马彩绘由三层构成:灰腻层、生漆有机层、颜料层;(2)漆器彩绘由2~3层漆灰-亚麻布+2层以上生漆+2~3层色漆构成;(3)陶俑和木马上的红色颜料为铁红;漆器的红色颜料是朱砂。研究建议出土时对具有生漆有机底层的彩绘即刻采取保湿措施,并采用防绉缩和加固并用的保护方法。     

广西富川百柱庙建筑彩绘的保护修复研究

广西富川百柱庙为明朝修建,该建筑物建筑构件的型式、彩绘、斗拱的制作技法等保留了典型的地方民族风格,是研究古代瑶族历史的重要实物资料,但已年久失修。为了对该建筑进行维修,特别是对建筑内彩绘进行加固修复工作,应用XRD和FT-IR方法分析了彩绘颜料层的化学成分,结果表明全部为无机矿物颜料。以古建筑保存环境和彩绘层颜料化学成分为依据,通过现场实验确定用3％的Paraloid B～72丙酮溶液对彩绘层加固,结果表明该加固剂的渗透性、均匀性、加固强度都达到了对彩绘物的修复要求,加固后彩绘的颜色也较前鲜艳、明亮。     

钓鱼城遗址悬空卧佛彩绘保护加固试验研究

钓鱼城悬空卧佛受岩石材质、赋存环境和自然环境的影响,彩绘颜料层出现起甲、粉化及脱落等病害。卧佛彩绘颜料除蓝色外,多数是矿物颜料。彩绘直接绘制在岩石雕像表面,无地仗层,且为多层,说明历史上曾多次重绘。根据彩绘病害类型及特征,采用水性有机硅乳液对彩绘进行加固试验,在解决颜料层起甲、粉化病害上具有较好的加固效果。已有的保护修复试验基本上达到了预期的效果,将有效解决悬空卧佛保护加固工程面临的技术难题。     

唐墓彩绘文物的保护研究

针对唐代墓葬的几件彩陶文物和壁画的特殊要求,选择性能优良的保护材料对彩绘文物进行加固保护。通过X-射线荧光光谱仪和分光光度仪进行彩绘文物颜料成分分析,选用浓度为2%的B72和2%的改性B72加固保护彩绘文物,测试保护后文物的表面颜料粘结性、耐水性、耐酸碱等性能,同时选用分光光度仪和粘接强度仪测试光照老化后文物的颜料颜色和粘接强度的变化。试验结果表明,文物颜料主要成分包括铅丹、铅丹和朱砂混合物、土红以及石绿;加固保护后文物的粘结性、耐水性和耐酸碱度都有所提高,且改性B72的提高程度比B72大;光照老化后改性B72保护的彩绘文物颜料主波长、色纯度和亮度变化均小于B72的变化,改性B72的粘接强度提高指数是B72的3倍之多,粘接性能优于B72。综合对比可以看出,加入紫外线吸收剂的改性B72保护材料很好地起到加固和保护彩绘文物的作用,在彩绘文物加固保护材料的选择上具有借鉴和指导意义。     

用电子束辐照加固秦俑彩绘

为有效加固秦俑彩绘,选择单体渗透、电子束辐照加固方法进行保护。在最佳辐照加固条件：以2-羟基甲基丙烯酸乙酯为单体,用1MeV2．0mA 60kGy电子束辐照可有效地加固秦俑彩绘层。加固后的陶俑表面没有出现光泽,彩绘层颜色鲜艳如初,生漆层、颜料层也再无起翘、脱落现象,干燥、自然。     

秦俑陶质彩绘原始工艺和剥落过程的探索性研究

为了制作陶俑彩绘的仿真样品,探索失传两千年的秦人制作陶质彩绘的原始工艺,根据已知的各种信息,探讨了秦俑彩绘制作的传统工艺,包括生漆添加猪血的作用、生漆层的配方、颜料层的配方、生漆层和颜料层的制作方法、基底陶块的选择等。制作了陶俑彩绘的仿真样品:生漆层厚度为35~68μm;颜料层厚度:红色20~50μm,白色55~70μm、绿色50~70μm、蓝色55~65μm,与秦俑生漆层和彩绘层的真实厚度相近。生漆层中猪血的最适应比例为4%,颜料层中所用粘合剂适宜浓度:明胶:水为1:32,蛋清:水为1:2。仿真样品经过加速老化破坏循环后,可以大体重现彩绘从陶块上起翘脱落的过程。研究结果为进一步研究病害机理,开展彩绘加固或回贴实验等研究提供了基础方法。     

徐州狮子山汉楚王陵彩绘陶俑的保护研究

为对徐州狮子山出土的彩绘陶俑进行保护,我们对陶俑本体进行了分析,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对陶俑表面进行微观形貌分析;X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）分析化学成分;通过岩相分析,并结合XRD分析、热重和差示热分析（TG-DSC）从而推测陶俑的烧成温度;电子能谱仪（EDS）对彩绘表面颜料的进行成分分析。在此基础上,采用7种化学材料进行对比实验,对外观、颜色光泽度变化、固化物形成期、防水接触角、吸湿等温线、吸水率、抗压强度进行了观察和分析,同时,还进行了紫外光耐老化试验。试验表明,氟橡胶不仅有较好的渗透率和膜层外观及相对较强的抗压能力的优点,而且还有较好的耐老化性能。经过对狮子山出土的一尊彩绘陶俑利用氟橡胶进行保护后10多年的观察,陶俑的表面色泽、防水与接触角、颜料表面的固结强度等状态保持良好。因此,在保护彩绘陶俑方面,氟橡胶是值得考虑的一种材料。     

吐鲁番拜西哈尔石窟新发现壁画的保护与研究

吐鲁番拜西哈尔石窟新发现的壁画大多已成残块,保存较为完整、能辨识清楚的有6幅。利用3D视频显徽镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪等科学检测仪器对壁画的表面形貌、色彩分布、断面结构、壁画下层植物纤维的形态以及壁画颜料的化学成分进行观察、检测与分析,发现壁画表面颜料的保存现状存在较大差异,壁画中的粉底层和颜料层厚薄不均,总厚度波动范围也较大,壁画下层的植物纤维竖条纹明显,无横节。结合SEM-EDX检测结果推测出白、黑、红、绿、橘、蓝六种颜料的矿物成分,其中橘色与蓝色可能为两种矿物颜料的混合物。通过颜料层表面的清洗、颜料层和地杖层的加固、壁画颜料层起甲的处理、壁画表面石膏的去除、壁画的拼接和补泥、壁画残块的平整回软等措施,对壁画进行了有效地保护与修复。     

浅议水坑环境出土彩绘陶器的保护

在长江中游地区,由于地下水位较高,地下文物埋藏环境常见这种类型：即文物长年浸泡在封闭严密且水位较为稳定的地下水环境。这种埋藏环境中的文物,出土时保存状况往往相对较好,其中彩绘陶器的彩绘层在出土时大多保存完好、色泽鲜艳。但由于颜料层中的胶接物质却早已失去粘性,即使较轻微的碰触,也很容易使之脱落。不仅如此,出土之后,随着保存环境的突变,伴随着陶器中水分的挥发,颜料层也会随之开始出现一系列病害,如变色、酥粉、脱落。因此,选择适宜加固饱水彩绘陶器的加固材料在出土后尽快对彩绘层进行加固就变得尤为重要。本文尝试从彩绘陶器颜料的组成、文物埋藏环境、出土后的环境因素三个方面来分析水坑环境出土彩绘陶器出现的各种病害的原因,并结合笔者在实际工作中的体会,提出几点关于水坑环境出土彩绘陶器的保护方法。     

国际关系的变化趋势与地缘关系理论的变革

国际关系的发展趋势将以经济为主题、以和平合作为主调。相应的地缘关系理论也应作如下调整:从"争夺霸权"向"寻求合作"的目标转换、从地缘政治向地缘经济的主题转换、从地理位置向科技人才的解释因子转换、从欧洲中心论向全球一体化的空间转换。     

COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FRENCH LIMESTONE: A NEW TOOL FOR ART HISTORIANS*

Limestone from quarries known to medieval craftsmen and from the monuments they built and embellished, as well as from carvings now in museum collections, has been characterized by neutron activation analysis. Specimens from 38 quarries in the Lutetian and Jurassic limestone formations of France and from sculptures in American and French museums have been tested, and the results have been compiled in a data base to which art historians may refer when attempting to determine provenance for sculptures. Multivariate statistical analysis of concentration data shows stone from a particular quarry in the Paris basin to be compositionally homogeneous and distinguishable from other quarries in the same formation. The same approach to data related to quarries near the Burgundian abbey of Cluny finds general agreement between classifications based on compositional and on petrographic data, but the number of samples available for analysis at the time of writing was insufficient to achieve the finer distinctions reported for the Paris basin.     

Ancient DNA in human bones from Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece and Crete

Attempts were made to detect ancient DNA (aDNA) in samples of 88 human skeletons from eight Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece and Crete. Ancient DNA was absent in specimens from Nea Nikomedia, Lerna, Karaviádena (Zakro), Antron Grave Circle A and Mycenae Grave Circle A. For each of three skeletons from Antron Grave Circle B that were sampled, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) gave products for nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA, but amplicon yield was low and inconsistent with replicate PCRs failing to give reproducible results. With specimens from Mycenae Grave Circle B, evidence for mitochondrial aDNA was obtained for four of the 22 skeletons that were studied, and at Kouphovouno evidence for mitochondrial and/or nuclear aDNA was obtained with eight of the 20 skeletons that were examined. We conclude that, although aDNA might be present in some Eastern Mediterranean skeletons from later centuries of the Bronze Age, it is not commonly found in material from this period and is likely to be absent from older material.     

Panel regression formulas for estimating stature and body mass from immature human skeletons: a statistical approach without reference to specific age estimates

Anthropologists require methods for accurately estimating stature and body mass from the human skeleton. Age-structured, generalized Least Squares (LS) regression formulas have been developed to predict stature from femoral length and to predict body mass in immature human remains using the width of the distal metaphysis, midshaft femoral geometry (J), and femoral head diameter. This paper tests the hypothesis that panel regression is an appropriate statistical method for regression modeling of longitudinal growth data, with longitudinal and cross-sectional effects on variance. Reference data were derived from the Denver Growth Study; panel regression was used to create one formula for estimating stature (for individuals 0.5–11.5 years old); two formulas for estimating body mass from the femur in infants and children (0.5–12.5 years old); and one formula for estimating body mass from the femoral head in older subadults (7–17.5 years old). The formulas were applied to an independent target sample of cadavers from Franklin County, Ohio and a large sample of immature individuals from diverse global populations. Results indicate panel regression formulas accurately estimate stature and body mass in immature skeletons, without reference to an independent estimate for age at death. Thus, using panel regression formulas to estimate stature and body mass in forensic and archaeological specimens may reduce second stage errors associated with inaccurate age estimates.     

广元千佛崖莲花洞彩绘颜料拉曼光谱分析

为了解广元千佛崖莲花洞造像的制作工艺与彩绘颜料成分,利用体视显微分析、金相显微分析、激光拉曼光谱分析技术对其进行物相和成分分析。分析结果表明,莲花洞造像彩绘直接绘制在岩石雕像表面,无底层。彩绘颜料分为多层,最多有三层,说明历史上至少有两次重绘。红色颜料为赤铁矿、朱砂;蓝色颜料主要为青金石与石青;绿色颜料为石绿、碱式氯化铜;白色颜料为硫酸铅。同时也表明,拉曼光谱分析彩绘颜料成分组成简便、快速、对样品要求量小,对样品无损分析,符合文物材质分析的要求,并可得到准确的信息。造像彩绘制作材料及工艺的分析结果为莲花洞造像彩绘保护研究提供了科学依据。     

夏家店下层文化遗址出土铜器的矿料来源分析

为进一步了解夏家店下层文化铜器的物料信息,探讨其矿料来源,采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)对4处夏家店下层文化遗址和1处高台山文化遗址出土的部分铜器进行了铅同位素比值测定,并将测定结果同辽西地区几处金属矿的铅同位素数据进行了对比。结果表明:这4处夏家店下层文化遗址出土铜器的原料可能是使用辽西当地的大井多金属矿的矿石冶炼而成,而大山前遗址出土铜器的铅料有可能来自辽宁桓仁的多金属矿,二道井子遗址所出红铜器的铜料则可能另有来源。所属高台山文化的湾柳遗址铜器的铅同位素数据具有高放射性成因铅特征,表明其与同期其他考古学文化存在某种联系。     

从"资治"到"救国"--关于19世纪史学经世致用思想变化之研究

自19世纪40年代伊始,中国社会所发生的空前的沧桑巨变,直接推动了史学由古代史学向近代史学的转变。这种转变的重要标志之一,就是史学经世致用思想的变化,即史学经世致用思想从“资治”到“救国”,从着眼于王朝治乱兴衰到关注国家和民族前途命运之经世致用的宗旨和参照系的变化。同时,这种变化又对整个19世纪中国史学的发展及其走向产生了重大而深远的影响。     

Prehistoric dietary adaptations among hunter-fisher-gatherers from the Little Sea of Lake Baikal,Siberia, Russian Federation

Dietary adaptations of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from Neolithic and Early Bronze Age cemeteries in the Little Sea region of Cis-Baikal (the region to the west and north of Lake Baikal) are explored using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Stable isotope data, including stable carbon isotopes from bone carbonate, are presented for 22 individuals from the site of Kurma XI, dated to approximately 6500 B.P. to 4000 B.P. Data are compared to previously analyzed individuals from the larger Early Bronze Age cemetery, Khuzhir-Nuge XIV (Katzenberg et al., 2009 JAS) and to smaller sites located along the shore of the Little Sea, including sites on Olkhon Island. An extensive collection of fauna, both prehistoric and modern, from the Little Sea and neighboring regions is also analyzed for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Clear distinctions are found in modern fish recovered from the Little Sea, in contrast to those from the open waters of the lake and from the neighboring Angara and Lena rivers. Considerable variation is seen in stable carbon isotope ratios from fish while stable nitrogen isotope ratios are not as variable, regardless of habitat. Isotope source modeling is used to assist in reconstructing past dietary adaptations. While there is ample evidence from other studies for cultural change over this temporal span, diet appears to have been relatively stable.     

Bone diagenesis in the European Holocene II: taphonomic and environmental considerations

We have applied cluster analysis to mercury intrusion porosimetry data from 219 archaeological bones (121 human and 98 animal) and soil chemistry data from 219 accompanying soil samples (1 per bone sample), to investigate the influence of soil chemistry on bone preservation. The samples chosen for the study were obtained from sites ranging in time from the pre-modern to the Mesolithic and were representative of burial environments across Europe (from the Baltic to the Mediterranean). These results represent the single largest database for archaeological bone preservation in the European Holocene to date and demonstrate the potential for large-scale diagenetic studies to help develop long term preservation strategies for our European heritage. Despite the variety of sites and environments, bones could be categorised into only four main diagenetic types. Furthermore, soil chemistry appears to significantly affect only one type of preservation, the pathway characterised by loss of mineral. In neutral to basic soils, taphonomy and in particular the differences between the treatment of human and animal remains, becomes the dominating factor in determining preservation. Using these results, strategies for heritage management of archaeological sites can be suggested; grouping sites into those requiring immediate excavation and those where in situ preservation is viable.     

Modeling wood acquisition strategies from archaeological charcoal remains

Archaeological charcoal remains are often used to reconstruct local woodland composition in the past, but rarely address how and why people may have selected specific woody taxa for particular purposes. Models from the field of human behavioral ecology predict that people forage for wood resources by taking into account the relative usefulness, abundance, and handling time related to procuring different wood types. Archaeological and ecological data from the site of Gordion, in Central Anatolia (modern Turkey), were used to test expectations associated with such models. Results suggest that inhabitants of Gordion used wood types for fuel in proportion to their local availability, but that they selected specific, more distant woods for construction. In most occupation periods pine was preferred for construction, perhaps because it produces long, straight timbers for roofing, despite the distance at which it grows from the site. This case study demonstrates that behavioral ecology modeling can help to distinguish between multiple wood acquisition strategies potentially used in the past and improve our understanding of wood use from archaeological charcoal remains.