宁夏近代工业的兴衰原因及其特点

什么是近代化?近代化是指一个国家或社会由传统农业社会向现代工业过度的历史变革。何为近代工业,近代工业是指以机器体系为生产手段,以雇佣劳动为生产主体,以剩余价值为生产目的的资本主义工业。宁夏近代工业始于20世纪20年代,40年代达到顶峰,随后迅速衰败,本文拟将结合当时的社会环境和历史条件,对宁夏近代工业的兴衰原因做一探讨,以期有利于宁夏近代工业史的研究。     

沦陷时期上海的保甲制度

沦陷时期上海的保甲制度张济顺保甲制度在中国曾是控制乡村基层社会的有效方式,上海开埠前实行过保甲制度,不过到清末已经名存实亡。然而在２０世纪４０年代沦陷时期的上海,保甲制度在这座充满近代气息的都市社会里复活。这就不能不使我们去探讨这样一些问题：４０年代...     

世界近代史断限问题新探

历史时期的划分不同于社会形态的演变。世界近代史不能同资本主义史画等号。划分历史时期,应以社会经济发展为主要依据．同时也要考虑到政治和思想文化方面的情况。世界近代史是人类进入工业社会和工业社会发展的历史。它的上限可以定在18世纪60年代．下限可以定在20世纪40年代。     

美中关系史上的新篇章和启迪——评王淇主编的《从中立到结盟》

在２０世纪的美中关系史上,从３０年代到１９４５年间的这一时期,是最富启迪意义而又为历史和社会科学工作者极为关注的研究热点之一。一个世纪前的世纪之交,正是美国由近代社会跨入现代社会,由完成大陆扩张和西进运动,从美洲大国走向世界和海外扩张,由大西洋走向两...     

日本近代报业的形成及其特点

从19世纪70年代，“明治维新”以后到20世纪初，是日本近代报业的真正产生和形成时期。虽然日本近代报业的产生比欧洲近代报业的兴起晚200年左右，但发展速度很快，并为日本现代报业的形成奠定了基础。一、日本近代报纸的产生及发展日本近代报纸是与日本近代社会相适应的社会产物，它的产生、形成和发展无不反映出日本近代社会的特殊性。1870年12月8日，在横滨由原幕府事务局大译官子安峻创办了近代第一份日报——《横滨每日新闻》。它是日本最早的真正具有代表性的近代报纸。采用进口的“西洋纸”，铅活字排版印刷单面八开两张篇幅。创刊之…     

1937-1941年香港华资工业的发展

近代香港华资工业发韧于１９世纪下半期,２０世纪以来,发展速度有所加快。１９３７年全面抗战爆发后,华资工业步入快速成长期。其发展主要体现于四个方面,一是原有华资企业走出了经济萧条时期苦苦支撑的困境,进入其有史以来的黄金年代;二是华资工厂的数量迅速增加;三是工业门类趋于齐全,出现一些填补空白性质的工业;四是华资工厂的生产在数量和质量上均有相当提高。这一时期华资工业的迅猛发展得益于诸多因素的共同作用,首先是联邦特惠税制的实行;其次是销售市场的全面扩大,最后是国内工业企业大规模向香港转移。     

评析近代澳大利亚民族意识

近代澳大利亚民族意识是１９世纪澳大利亚民族形成和发展在社会意识形态领域的反应。它以澳大利亚民族为载体,反映出澳大利亚民族的成熟程度和发展趋势,以自然的方式体现在澳大利亚人的言论和行为之中,并具有指导性作用。它还显示出澳大利亚民族由英吉利民族派生而来并与之逐渐脱离的过程。本文以１９世纪后半期澳大利亚社会变革为背景,对近代澳大利亚民族意识的形成及其内涵作初步探讨。一１９世纪６０年代至２０世纪初是澳大利亚民族形成的重要阶段,澳大利亚民族是在英国移民及其后代的基础上发展和演变而来,其形成表现为英吉利民族…     

华侨与上海近代化历程

上海作为近代中国最大的经济、文化中心,长期以来一直对中国的发展有着举足轻重时影响。回顾上海从滨海县城发展成为远东第一繁华都市的近代化历程,可以发现海外华侨在其中所起的重要的推动作用。惜以往这方面的综合论述甚少,已有的经济方面的一些论述也多侧重民国年间,对晚清时期语焉不详,本文拟依据史实,试作补充。上海素以中国近代工业的发祥地载诸史册。而在上海最早一批近代企业中,就有海外华侨投资的记录。它可追溯到19世纪70年代洋务运动肇兴之初。华侨当时在上海投资的近代企业,主要有轮船招商局等一些著名民用企业。轮船招…     

二十世纪中国辽金史研究

二十世纪中国辽金史研究宋德金２０世纪是中国辽金史研究取得重大进展的时期。在此期间，同中国历史学总体发展进程一样，辽金史研究实现了从传统史学向近代史学的转变和从近代史学向马克思主义史学的转变；而在本世纪的最后２０年里，则出现了前所未有的活跃局面。值此世...     

《从“笔谈外交”到“以史为鉴”——中日近代关系史探讨》

20 0 3年 1月中华书局出版了由伊原泽周著的《从“笔谈外交”到“以史为鉴”———中日近代关系史探讨》 ,42 7万字。该书汇集作者的 2 3篇论文 ,分为近代外交成立时期、甲午·戊戌时期、辛亥革命时期、抗日战争时期四部分 ,讨论了 19世纪 70年代至 2 0世纪 40年代中日关系史重要的人物、事件 ,较为客观地叙述了这一段历史。《从“笔谈外交”到“以史为鉴”——中日近代关系史探讨》     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.