战后欧洲联合中“联邦主义”思潮的初步考察

在战后欧洲联合进程中,一直存在“欧洲联邦主义”(Eurofederalism,以下简称“联邦主义”)和“政府间主义”(intergovernmentalism)两种主张。20世纪80年代,一位曾在欧共体委员会任职的英国人写道：“联邦主义和政府间主义,超国家主义和不同民族国家间的合作：关于欧洲的两种概念……从共同体建立的初期起就在彼此竞争。”它们涉及到欧洲联合要达到什么     

Some Observations on Alexios Philanthropenos and Maximos Planoudes

Abstract

The campaign of Alexios Philanthropenos in Asia Minor, and his subsequent rebellion and punishment were among the most dramatic events in the Byzantine Empire in the 1290S. When first he assumed the responsibilities of a general and doux of the Thrakesion theme, Alexios was the great hope of the Emperor, Andronikos II, and of the population of Asia Minor. With his army, the general soon achieved spectacular victories in the Maeander valley. The Turks of the area were defeated, the Greek population took heart, deserted cities and villages were repopulated; he was able to send back to Constantinople the spoils of war, gold and silver and corn, and many captives. Large numbers of Turks, pressed on the other side by the Mongols, preferred to join Philanthropenos' army, and came to form a substantial part of it. To his own followers he gave a considerable portion of the spoils, and this too spurred them on to greater victories. The local population, having at last found a defender, joined him and gave him their loyalty. At Constantinople, the Emperor and Philanthropenos' friends rejoiced at the success of the young and brilliant general.     

盛唐集贤院诗歌活动考论

一般认为律体律调定型于初唐,但并不意味之后的诗歌活动都无须关注声律。盛唐集贤院群体性诗歌活动,群体性除创作实践外,还表征于人才汇聚、诗文评议和文艺书籍修撰等方面。在这层意义上,可以说"二张"和他们领导的集贤院学士一起推动了唐诗声律从定型走向成熟。     

Portraits of the Poor in Early Nineteenth-Century Radical Journalism

This paper compares the social-exploration literature of radical, mostly Owenite and Chartist, and liberal journalism in the first half of the nineteenth century, though the focus is on the less known ‘portraits of the poor’ in radical papers. In the paper I argue that against the developing liberal practice of intricately mapping poverty and categorizing the poor, radical papers under-represented particular cases of poverty, using an obfuscating syntax to document the poor. In doing so, radicals differentiated themselves from their middle-class counterparts, primarily as a way to challenge the assumption that poverty was a function of individual error and to turn the public’s gaze onto the social causes of poverty. Highlighting the political dimensions of poverty and minimizing the language of ‘personal responsibility’, radicals demonstrated that the activist agenda concerned itself with the economic and social as much as with the political, even while offering political solutions to economic and social problems.     

Observations on the China-Nepal Border

BACKGROUND:The China-Nepal border extends for 1400 kilometers with a total of 79 general markers and 98 border wood markers that are stretched over seven counties as well as the Ngari     

Some Preliminary Observations on Subsurface Damage on Experimental and Archaeological Quartz Tools using CLSM and Dye

Lithic use-wear analysis mainly deals with use-wear features which can be observed on the surface of stone tools but a major part of the wear of brittle material is found under the surface. This wear might also be a clue to the interpretation of archaeological stone tools. In this paper we try to examine subsurface damage on experimental and archaeological quartz tools by dying them with fluorescent colour and scanning them with a CLSM. This method shows that various worked materials cause different subsurface damage, which is related to the hardness of the worked material.     

明代书籍插图与人物肖像画关系研究

明代是中国封建社会城市经济和商品经济得到较大发展的历史时期。市民阶层的形成,促进了以戏曲、小说为代表的通俗文学的发展,戏曲、小说中的插图在继承宋元传统的基础上得到了前所未有的繁荣。明代的人物肖像画家面对人物画的弱势格局和蓬勃兴起的书籍出版业,积极为书籍创作插图,两者之间形成了紧密联系、共同发展的关系。     

四川汉代性题材画像研究

四川汉画像中的性题材内容直率而古拙,其所宣扬的是对生命的肯定和依恋;她是"天府之国"留给后人的一曲曲生命的欢乐颂,一首首繁衍子孙的赞美诗。