Deerhurst Church,Gloucestershire

Abstract

The zoomorphic ornament of a group of sculptured crosses from Ryedale is here analysed in detail in terms of motif and style. Its Yorkshire context is defined and close parallels from Skaill, Orkney and Kirk Braddan on the Isle of Man are discussed. Origins for various style and motif elements are sought in insular and Scandinavian art. It is concluded that a group of sculptures in Ryedale, exemplified by the Sinning ton crosses, were produced in the second quarter of the tenth century during a period when Yorkshire was under strong Scandinavian influence and had close contacts with the Irish Sea Province. The ornament of the Sinnington crosses closely reflects Anglo-Scandinavian motifs and styles current in York and around the Irish Sea in this period. These Anglo-Scandinavian artistic developments reveal a complex assimilation of preceding English and Scandinavian artistic traditions and may have been a source for reciprocal influences on the arts in mainland Scandinavia. Following the abolition of Scandinavian kingship in York in 954, metropolitan art styles further developed, with prominently insular, particularly Mercian, rather than Scandianavian influences, while the sculpture of Ryedale became introverted and provincial with little evidence of further external influence.     

Notices of a Remarkable Discovery of Silver Ornaments in a Tumulus at Largo,in Fifeshire

A salt-tax, existing in France since the thirteenth century, led to the construction of bonded warehouses. One such grenier-à-sel was in existence in Honfleur before 1372. By the late seventeenth century, chiefly as the result of the development of herring and cod fisheries, the need had arisen for new larger salt-warehouses. Three were constructed in Honfleur, of which two survive, dated 1670. They were built of stone from the demolished town walls.

The most striking feature of these two buildings is the roof carpentry, the trusses of which are a hybrid form comprising straight rafters, rising from projecting sole-plates and carried on the backs of curved principals springing from a point high up the walls to reach collar level. Above the collars rise king-posts supporting both ridge purlins and under-ridge purlins. This structure may be considered to fall within the cruck tradition.     

贵州遵义的宋代石室墓

贵州遵义的宋代石室墓,分布密集,数量众多,墓内有仿木构建筑、人物、动物、花卉、家具、几何形图案等精美雕刻,与四川盆地的宋墓风格一致,是研究西南地区宋墓的重要资料。本文旨在通过对遵义地区已经发现的宋墓资料进行梳理,分析遵义宋墓的流布时期、分布规律,分析这砦宋墓的成因以及当时四川盛行的雕刻之风对周边地区宋代石室墓的影响。     

浙江德清三合塔山土墩墓

德清三合塔山土墩墓结构独特,随葬器以原始瓷为主体,反映了德清瓷业发展的深厚历史底蕴。     

Marling & Evans,King's Stanley and Ebley Mills,Gloucestershire

Abstract

The economic causes of European emigration to the United States in the nineteenth century enjoy an established historiography, which considers many aspects of the pre-industrial economy from agriculture to the collapse of traditional industries. This paper examines the link between pre-industrial home textile manufacture and emigration from the German south-west. It draws on data from communities and households in the state of Württemberg, and finds that pre-industrial textile production was not a major determinant of migration patterns in the nineteenth century; instead, the localised rise and fall of textile work was influenced by the availability of emigration pathways, an inversion of results seen elsewhere.     

Interpreting the immature chicken bones from the Romano-British ritual complex on West Hill,Uley

The prehistoric to post-Roman site of West Hill, Uley in southwestern Britain was excavated between 1976 and 1979, and yielded a quarter of a million animal bones. Part of the site was a ritual complex, and this in particular produced a considerable amount of domestic fowl. A major problem has been to evaluate the immature domestic fowl bones and determine whether all ages are represented. This presents problems because the varieties of fowl represented are unknown. Therefore, can the osteometric data be seen as homogeneous? In fact the distribution of adult measurements suggests that one variety was mainly represented, that a wide range of ages of fowl were sacrificed, and that the selection of birds was probably not entirely random. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Calderstones,Near Liverpool

Abstract

This article is a contribution to the revisionist literature on the monastic orders in late medieval England and their art and architecture. It discusses the visual and material cultures of the Cistercians in northern England in the period immediately before the Dissolution of the Monasteries, demonstrating the enduring popularity of the Order in the late Middle Ages and that patronage of art and architecture continued until the very moment of the Suppression. Evidence is also discussed showing that monks and nuns salvaged property from their houses in the hope that their monasteries would be restored.     

Traces of History and Ethnology in the Local Names of Gloucestershire

Aspects of burial custom in Roman Britain which seem to be influenced by Roman ideas include burials found accompanied by coins, eggs, charcoal, phials, which once contained perfume, and ritual objects, such as jugs and pateras. The implications of these customs are considered together with the significance of symbolism displayed on tombstones. Discussion of funerary ritual, as it might have been practised in Roman Britain, includes the portrayal of the funerary banquets on tombstones. It is concluded, on the evidence available, that burial custom, like religious thought, was a matter of personal choice, partly because the Romans did not attempt to prescribe funerary practice, except in the law relating to the positioning of cemeteries, and partly because of the strong influence of Celtic religious belief surviving in Roman Britain.     

Traces of History and Ethnology in the Local Names in Gloucestershire

In the summer of 1996, excavations outside the Chapter House at Worcester Cathedral revealed a chamber filled with animal bones and a considerable quantity of artefacts. Analysis of this material suggests that this deposit constituted the remains of one or more high status meals, probably a feast, which were disposed of in the seventeenth century. These archaeological findings are supported and amplified by the extensive documentary evidence, which not only includes historical anecdotes but also primary source material. In combination, the historical and zooarchaeological evidence sheds light not only upon the feasting practice of the ecclesiastics at Worcester, but also on the condition of the Cathedral at the end of the seventeenth century in the aftermath of the Civil War.     

Diet,social differentiation and cultural change in Roman Britain: new isotopic evidence from Gloucestershire

This study uses stable isotope analyses (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of human bone collagen to reconstruct the diet of three Romano-British (first to early fifth century AD) populations from Gloucestershire in South West England. Gloucestershire was an important part of Roman Britain with two major administrative centres at Gloucester (Glevum) and Cirencester (Corinium) and numerous smaller settlements and farmsteads. To investigate potential dietary differences between the rural and urban populations of Roman Gloucestershire, we compared human bone collagen stable isotope values from 32 individuals from urban Gloucester with those of 46 individuals from two rural cemeteries at Horcott Quarry and Cotswold Community, respectively. Seven individuals from urban Gloucester were buried in a mass grave; all others were buried in single inhumations. Results show small but significant differences in stable isotope ratios between the urban and rural populations which indicate that the urban population might have consumed slightly more marine and/or freshwater resources than the people living in the rural communities. We interpret this difference as a direct reflection of Rome’s influence on Gloucester’s population and the town’s economic status. Subtle differences in stable isotope ratios were also observed at the site level, as burial practice does correlate with diet in some cases. Overall, the results from this study demonstrate that diet, as reconstructed through stable isotope analysis, is a very sensitive, if settlement-specific, indicator of social differentiation and culture change.     

略论苏南土墩墓

土墩墓是商周时期江南地区具有强烈地方特色的化遗存,它与同期的吴越化之间有着十分密切的关系,对土墩墓的研究是考古学界研究南方地区考古的重要课题。土墩墓为一墩一墓、土墩封土层内含有祭祀器物堆、大部分墓有熟土坑及葬具存在。     

略论贵州清镇汉墓出土的早期佛像

本围绕贵州地区出土的早期佛像,对该佛像所在的青铜钱树、出土钱树的墓葬年代、墓葬与钱树的化性质、墓主身分、佛像传入路线等问题进行了初步讨论。认为佛教至迟在东汉末期前后已经以某种变相的形式传入贵州地区,并且已有佛像出现。佛像很可能是通过四川地区传入贵州地区的,但当时贵州地区的人们对佛像的理解似乎比四川地区更为肤浅。佛像最初的传入贵州地区则可能是通过当时盛行的钱树这一媒介物,其背景当与升仙思想的流行有密切的关系。