An inn-clearance group,c. 1800, from the Royal Oak,Eccleshall, Staffordshire

Abstract

A watching brief behind the Royal Oak, a coaching inn on the London to Chester coach route, revealed an inn-clearance group of c. 1800. It consisted primarily of plain creamwares and provided an opportunity to study the type of material used in a coaching inn at this time. The group also contained a significant assemblage of clay tobacco pipes. These included the longest stem yet found of this period and early products of the important Broseley manufacturer Noah Roden.     

邓小平评价历史的方法论原则

邓小平评价历史的方法论原则是邓小平方法论中的一个重要组成部分,主要包括以下内容：实事求是;着眼于全局和未来;恰如其分;宜粗不宜细;具体问题具体分析。它是一个融科学标准、政治标准、价值标准和策略方法为～体的完整体系,各部分之间互相依存,有着内在的逻辑联系。其中,实事求是是最基本的科学评价方法,是这个体系的基础和核心;着眼于全局和未来是邓小平评价历史的根本目的和重要方法;其他的方法论原则都是以实事求是为基础、为评价历史的根本目的服务的。     

Archaeological Watching Brief and Metal Detector Survey at Gill House Farm,Long Marston,North Yorkshire

Abstract

On 5 August 2005 Tim Sutherland carried out an archaeological watching brief during trenching for the foundations of a new barn by contractors acting on behalf of Mr P Barnitt, of Gill House Farm, Long Marston, York (NGR SE 449450 451750). Prior to this work, on 24 July, 2005 a metal detector survey was conducted over the same piece of land in order to assess whether or not any metal artefacts from the battle of Marston Moor, which took place in this location, could be located within the topsoil. No archaeological features were present. A total of 88 artefacts were recorded during the metal detector survey, 26 of which were lead shot. The survey confirmed that part of the battle of Marston Moor (1644) took place on the ground disturbed by the development of the barn.     

Theory,Disciplinary Perspectives and the Archaeology of Later Medieval England

Abstract

In the year 2000, a lead canister and a penny of Henry III were recovered during a watching brief on a site in Colchester which is within 13 m of the find spots of two 13th-century coin hoards buried in similar canisters. While the container found in 2000 may have held a third such hoard (later recovered), it may also have been used as a floor safe. The site has connections with the Colchester Jewry, who were probably the principal agents in the handling of money and deposition of hoards on this site. The single penny may be simply a coin lost on a site where money changed hands in large quantities, or (speculatively) the only survival from a recovered hoard.     

Hydro-Electricity for Public Supply in Britain, 1881-1894

Abstract

The motor vehicle industry in Scotland was a microcosm of the British industry in the years to 1914. Major characteristics of the industry are outlined and the ten major vehicle manufacturers are distinguished from the fifty makes of vehicle built in Scotland during the period. Five integrated purpose-built motor works are considered in some detail. The factories illustrate different phases of design and construction methods, from the traditional mill building of the Granton Motor Works (1899) to the Kahn-style reinforced concrete structure of the Arrol-Johnston Company (1913).     

The Six New Towns of the Bishops of Winchester, 1200–55

THE CHANCE DISCOVERY of a waterlogged wooden beam during the cutting of a drainage ditch led to the excavation of the timber framework of a medieval water-mill. Almost half the water-wheel survived in situ. A little 14th-century pottery was found in the wheel-pit; its structure was extremely similar to that of the approximately contemporary period I mill at Chingley.¹ The mill at Batsford was probably used for grinding grain; no trace of the mill building itself was found.     

Cashing in on Cetourism: A Critical Ecological Engagement with Dominant E‐NGO Discourses on Whaling,Cetacean Conservation,and Whale Watching1

Abstract: This paper engages critically with the monolithic presentation of whale watching as the antithesis of whale hunting. It begins by tackling the reductive and homogenized portrayal of whale watching in mainstream environmental discourse as diametrically opposite to whale hunting and argues that such discourse likely obscures the existence of bad whale watching conduct. Next it reveals significant continuities between whale hunting and whale watching, especially the fetishized commoditization of cetaceans and the creation of a metabolic rift in human–cetacean relations. In both contexts nature is produced first and foremost according to capitalist principles, which problematizes the pervasive assumption that whale watching correlates primarily and directly with conservation. Finally, the paper examines two different business models and the production of distinct ecological and community development effects. The results of the comparison justify the need for more critical and effective environmental non‐governmental organization approaches to cetourism vis‐à‐vis nature conservation goals.     

旅游宣传片影响下的目的地形象感知过程研究——巴厘岛案例的实验探索

宣传片在塑造目的地形象和激发旅游兴趣上的作用不可忽视，但聚焦于宣传片对旅游目的地形象（TDI）感知过程的影响研究较少。以巴厘岛为案例，通过实验法探索旅游者感知形象变化过程。研究结果如下：①宣传片能够影响潜在旅游者的TDI感知，不同类型的宣传片影响效果存在差异。②潜在旅游者的原生形象呈现“粗线条、点集中”的特征；引致形象感知细节增加，要素种类增多，整体形象偏向性明显。③研究基于选择性注意理论和Baddeley工作记忆模型剖析了旅游者对TDI感知变化的内在机制，发现从原生形象到引致形象存在视觉选择性注意和信息加工的过程。研究结果为目的地营销组织（DMO）应对突发事件推出宣传片进行营销提供了一定的借鉴和启示。     

Sign discriminating field mill

The construction and analysis of a symmetric rotating field mill is described. Theoretical modelling of the mill's operation successfully predicts the experimentally observed features of the mill output. A pick-up phase signal generated by the mill rotor blades cutting field lines of a permanent magnet was used as a sampling pulse in a sample-and-hold electronic arrangement to determine both magnitude and direction of an impressed electric field. The mill's output voltage regressed on the electric field gave a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The sensitivity of the mill could be set arbitrarily and field changes of 0.5 V/m could be measured routinely. The time constant of 0.3 s makes the mill ideal for studies of the fair-weather field as well as of other phenomena with relatively long time constants. Special steps were incorporated in the mill construction to reduce effectively the damaging effects of water condensation on the performance of the mill.     

Łódź textile mills: indigenous culture or functional imperatives?

Abstract

While recognising the importance of functional constraints in textile mill construction, an attempt is made to establish the extent to which modifications have been made, arguably the result of indigenous culture, in the case of mills in ?ód?, Poland. Using a sample of 57 mills, the analysis is arranged by selected functional imperatives: building technology, vertical movement and lighting. Local culture undoubtedly plays a significant role in mill structure, but even so is subservient to functional imperatives.     

社会转型时期美国女性就业特征与影响(1870-1920)

1870年至1920年,随着工业化和城市化的初步实现,美国经济发展速度空前,创造出了大量就业岗位,并由此形成了一股女性就业高潮。该时期美国就业女性以年轻的单身女性为主,工作岗位高度集中在家庭服务业、制造业、白领以及专门行业中,且具有明显的因种族和民族而导致的就业差异特征。美国女性大量进入就业领域提升了自己的家庭和社会地位,她们传统的婚恋观和家庭观受到冲击,并促使美国妇女从传统女性向现代新女性形象转变。     

The ‘French’ mill in medieval Tuscany

At the beginning of the thirteenth century the territory of Florence possessed three types of grain mill: the floating mill, found particularly on the River Arno in the immediate vicinity of the city of Florence itself; the suspension mill, located on the Arno as well as the free-flowing Elsa to the southwest; and the horizontal mill situated primarily along the streams throughout the Florentine countryside. The floating mill and suspension mill were run predominantly by the Vitruvian gearing system while the horizontal mill was operated by the apparently less efficient ritrecine or horizontal walerwheel. An examination of the notarial chartularies lodged in the Archivio di Stato of Florence shows that after 1250 the Florentines, while incorporating northern- European methods for the manufacture of woolen cloth, began to use overshot and undershot mills, the former being designated as French and the latter as orbital. The orbital mill was constructed along the banks of navigable rivers like the Arno and the Elsa and soon was partly responsible for the disappearance of the floating mill. The French mill, on the other hand, was located by the erratic torrents of the hills and mountains of the countryside. It did not by any means replace the horizontal mill. In many cases, it simply became part of a pre-existing complex housing a ritrecine. In others, particularly in the latter half of the fourteenth century, there was a successful symbiosis of the principal mechanisms of the overshot and horizontal types, creating the French horizontal mill. By the end of the fourteenth century the territory of Florence thus had five types of grain mill and thereby anticipated the basic milling technology of the High Italian Renaissance as illustrated in Agostino Ramelli's compendium of machines completed in 1588.     

The ‘French’ mill in medieval Tuscany

At the beginning of the thirteenth century the territory of Florence possessed three types of grain mill: the floating mill, found particularly on the River Arno in the immediate vicinity of the city of Florence itself; the suspension mill, located on the Arno as well as the free-flowing Elsa to the southwest; and the horizontal mill situated primarily along the streams throughout the Florentine countryside. The floating mill and suspension mill were run predominantly by the Vitruvian gearing system while the horizontal mill was operated by the apparently less efficient ritrecine or horizontal walerwheel. An examination of the notarial chartularies lodged in the Archivio di Stato of Florence shows that after 1250 the Florentines, while incorporating northern- European methods for the manufacture of woolen cloth, began to use overshot and undershot mills, the former being designated as French and the latter as orbital. The orbital mill was constructed along the banks of navigable rivers like the Arno and the Elsa and soon was partly responsible for the disappearance of the floating mill. The French mill, on the other hand, was located by the erratic torrents of the hills and mountains of the countryside. It did not by any means replace the horizontal mill. In many cases, it simply became part of a pre-existing complex housing a ritrecine. In others, particularly in the latter half of the fourteenth century, there was a successful symbiosis of the principal mechanisms of the overshot and horizontal types, creating the French horizontal mill. By the end of the fourteenth century the territory of Florence thus had five types of grain mill and thereby anticipated the basic milling technology of the High Italian Renaissance as illustrated in Agostino Ramelli's compendium of machines completed in 1588.     

MILLSTONE PROVENANCING USED IN TRACING THE ROUTE OF A FOURTH-CENTURY BC GREEK MERCHANT SHIP

A Greek merchant ship carrying a cargo of millstones, amphorae and bronze vessels was wrecked at Sec, off Mallorca, Spain. in about 375-350 BC. Geochemical provenancing of the millstones helps in reconstructing the route of the ship and complements evidence from the amphorae. Thirty-eight lava hopper-rubber millstones and one Pompeian-style rotary mill from the ship were sampled for provenancing. The hopper-rubbers are mainly of basalt from the island of Pantelleria off North Africa in the Sicilian channel, one is from Nisyros off the Anatolian coast, and the Pompeian mill is of ignimbrite from Mulargia in Sardinia. The hopper-rubbers are the most westerly examples known in the Mediterranean. and the Nisyros mill represents the first proven instance of millstone transport between the east and the west Mediterranean. The occurrence of the Pompeian mill in a fourth-ceniury BC context is evidence of the use of this type a century earlier than previously thought. The Nisyros mill was probably taken on board at the start of the ship's voyage in the eastern Mediterranean, the Pantellerian mills may have been collected partly as ballast at Pantelleria, and the Mulargia mill was probably picked up at Carthage.     

The Second Ash Wednesday: 16 February 1983

A brief factual account of the events associated with bushfires in Australia on 16 February 1983 is provided. General information on the setting for the fires and their immediate impacts on South Australia and Victoria is followed by brief accounts of the major fire areas in South Australia. Finally some questions are raised on the vulnerability of the Australian community to bushfire disasters.     

Nash Mills—The Endless Web Revisited

Abstract

A watermill is known to have existed on the river Gade since the 11th century on the site of Nash Mills, Hertfordshire, where a purpose-built paper mill was constructed in the late 18th century. In 1810 the mill was purchased by John Dickinson, one of the great innovators of the paper industry. The mill evolved significantly during the 19th and early 20th centuries as part of Dickinson's expanding business, which at one stage comprised five mills in the locality. Nash Mills remained in the ownership of John Dickinson and his successors until 1990, ceasing production in 2006, the last of Dickinson's mills to do so. Using documentary and building evidence, this article examines the development of the mill, emphasising the relationships between personalities, events, structures, processes, and changing business and technological influences.     

Rolling to Mechanisation: Excavations at Lymm Slitting Mill

An archaeological excavation at Lymm slitting mill in Cheshire was undertaken by Oxford Archaeology North in 2005 as a key component of the Lymm's Life Project, which was financed by the Heritage Lottery Fund. The slitting mill was established in the second quarter of the 18th century, and was one of a group of important iron-working sites in the area that were managed by a local Quaker family. The remains probably represent the best surviving example of a slitting mill in England, and one of a very small number that has been subject to archaeological study and consolidation. The slitting mill had been excavated by a local group between 1968 and 1974, although the site was eventually backfilled before a detailed survey was produced and a full synthesis of the results was never published. This paper discusses the archaeological work undertaken on this important early mechanised iron-working site, and places it in its context of 18th-century slitting mills in north-west England.     

Taking perspective of the stories we tell about transgender rights: The narrative policy framework

Our project uses the narrative policy framework (NPF) to explore narrative effects on attitudes about transgender rights. The framework focuses on the stories that are told about public policy. As opposed to conceptualizing communications as informational, NPF suggests that getting lost in the story is primary for attitude change. We also incorporate a perspective taking exercise to examine its effects on individual attitudes. Using an experiment on 1784 American adults, we found that individuals who received the inclusive transgender policy narrative by either watching or reading the narrative held views more supportive of transgender rights, with the effect greater for watching than reading. Those who experienced greater narrative transportation, being more lost in the story, reported more supportive attitudes. We further find that those with traits that lead them to become more imaginatively involved in stories occasionally are more greatly affected by watching policy narratives than those who are less imaginatively involved. However, perspective taking did not influence attitudes and weakened the treatment effects of the narratives. Our findings suggest stories can affect policy attitudes and beliefs, which may be conceptually distinct from traditional framing-based accounts and implies distinctive causal mechanisms that result in attitude change.     

关于留学人员地位和作用的若干思考

本文在对中国留学生地位与作用进行简要回顾的基础上 ,结合对优秀归国留学人员进行的统计、分析 ,对改革开放以来的归国留学人员在中国未来政治生活中将扮演的角色、留学人员回国和居留海外所发挥的不同作用 ,以及留学人员的作用将随着中国现代化的发展而渐趋缩小的趋势等问题进行了论述和探讨 ,以期对改革开放以来中国大陆留学人员的地位和作用有一定的认识。     

MILL AND UNIFORM PRICING A COMPARISON*

ABSTRACT. In this paper we examine profit, price, output and welfare under mill and uniform pricing in a monopolistic spatial market with nonlinear demand, a general consumer distribution function, and a general transportation cost function. We show that if demand is convex (concave) then the optimal uniform price minus the average unit transportation cost is lower (higher) than the optimal mill price, output under uniform pricing is lower (higher) than output under mill pricing, and welfare under uniform pricing is lower (higher) than welfare under mill pricing, provided other respective conditions are satisfied.